[325] In June 2012, the settlement of claims through the GCCF was replaced by the court-supervised settlement program. [367] David Rainey, BP's former vice-president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress by misrepresenting the rate that oil was flowing out of the well. Record criminal fines paid by BP in 2012 half went directly to aid the Gulf. Various risks were identified and evaluated, in particular, that an increase in microbial activity might reduce subsea oxygen levels, threatening fish and other animals. "[318] BP released a statement in response to this, saying, that "even prior to the conclusion of the commission's investigation, BP instituted significant changes designed to further strengthen safety and risk management. [320] Halliburton stated that it was acting only upon the orders of BP when it injected the cement into the wall of the well. Atlas RM, Hazen TC (2011) Oil Biodegradation and bioremediation: a tale of the two worst spills in US history. (1 May 2010). [357][358] According to The Wall Street Journal the U.S. government and Gulf Coast states had prepared an offer to BP for a $16billion settlement. We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. [326][327] Until this more than one million claims of 220,000 individual and business claimants were processed and more than $6.2billion was paid out from the fund. You may remember the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that happened in 2010, where 3.19 million barrels of oil spilled off the Gulf of Mexico. [117][118][119], The Louisiana barrier island plan was developed to construct barrier islands to protect the coast of Louisiana. [70], It was first thought that oil had not reached as far as Tampa Bay, Florida; however, a study done in 2013 found that one of the plumes of dispersant-treated oil had reached a shelf 80mi (130km) off the Tampa Bay region. [172][175] The FAA acknowledged that media access was limited to hired planes or helicopters, but was arranged through the Coast Guard. Corexit EC9500A and Corexit EC9527A were the principal variants. [17] One study released in 2014 reported that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening and another study found that cardiotoxicity might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill. The plan was criticised for its expense and poor results. After the explosion, oil gushed from the sea floor releasing an estimated 5.84x108 litre of crude oil into the ocean [11] . Have a comment on this page? Pre-oil spill samples are what someone would expect in other beaches of similar location without contamination, which include a variety of diverse organisms that exhibit high level of interactions [5]. Two days later, following a series of pressure tests, it was announced that the well was completely sealed. . [58] As of December2012[update], 339mi (546km) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Test Results BioWorld is the greatest of all products tested and 96.1% of the initial concentration of oil was degraded by the end of the study. No flights, except aircraft conducting aerial chemical dispersing operations, or for landing and takeoff, were allowed below 1,000m (3,300ft). '"[341] The Court then went further, calling BP's position "nonsensical. A large scale of bioremediation was deployed during the BP oil spill crisis due to its effectiveness and lower cost [8]. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in pictures, https://www.britannica.com/event/Deepwater-Horizon-oil-spill, National Ocean Service - Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010 - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Deepwater Horizon oil spill: debris and oil, Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010: path of the oil, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. BP strongly disagreed with the ruling and filed an immediate appeal. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS [328], The GCCF and its administrator Feinberg had been criticized about the amount and speed of payments as well as a lack of transparency. The draft plan allocated up to $8.8 billion for restoration from a proposed settlement with BP. Bacterial community structures were evaluated in oil samples using culture-independent pyrosequencing, including oil mousses collected on sea surface and salt marshes during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and oil deposited in sediments adjacent to the wellhead 1 year after the spill. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Crude oil is a heterogeneous hydrophobic compound that contains four classes of molecules: saturates, aromatics, asphaltenes, and resins [10] . The oil leak was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site. Although BP attempted to activate the rigs blowout preventer (BOP), a fail-safe mechanism designed to close the channel through which oil was drawn, the device malfunctioned. In their report, they suggest the possibility that respiratory symptoms might have been caused by high levels of ozone or reactive aldehydes in the air, possibly produced from photochemical reactions in the oil. In June, 2016 BP announced offsite link that it had come up with its final estimate of the cost for the oil spill: $61.6 billion. 3) A large amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere as a waste product of oil degradation. Estimates of lost tourism dollars were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to $22.7billion through 2013. restoration plan to address impacts from the spill to the Gulf of Mexico, Trustees final comprehensive restoration plan, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA and the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission Partner to Restore Recreational Fish, Rescued from Deepwater Horizon, a Resilient Native Returns to Queen Bess Island, $226 Million in Projects Approved in Gulf Open Ocean Restoration Plan, Two Partners Recommended for Funding to Restore Habitat From Oil and Hazardous Waste Spills, Comments Welcomed on Deepwater Horizon Open Ocean Draft Restoration Plan, Deepwater Horizon Open Ocean Restoration Plan 1 Finalized, Mississippi Acquires Land in Grand Bay with Deepwater Horizon Settlement Funds, NOAA Announces Latest Partnership to Restore Habitats Damaged by Oil and Hazardous Waste, Deepwater Horizon Trustees to Host Two Public Events, July 18 and 19 in Mississippi, A Decade Later: Advances in Oil Spill Science Since Deepwater Horizon, Deepwater Horizon oil spill contributed to high number of Gulf dolphin deaths, https://www.doi.gov/deepwaterhorizon/adminrecord. [263][264][265] The U.S. Travel Association estimated that the economic impact of the oil spill on tourism across the Gulf Coast over a three-year period could exceed approximately $23billion, in a region that supports over 400,000travel industry jobs generating $34billion in revenue annually. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill began on April 20, 2010, when an explosion damaged the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. Post-oil spill samples on the other hand, contain mostly oil-degrading organisms with drastic decrease in diversity. [77] The collected gas was flared and oil stored on board the drillship Discoverer Enterprise. GoMRI uses a peer-review process to award grants for independent scientific research conducted primarily at academic institutions, as well as at select for-profit entities. The effect of the microscopic oil droplets on the ecosystem was unknown, though their presence, along with that of a layer of oil several inches thick discovered on portions of the seafloor in September, cast doubt on earlier predictions about the speed with which the discharged oil would dissipate. Two methods of bioremediation were used: bioaugmentation and biostimulation [11]. Many died from ingesting oil or because it interfered with their ability to regulate their body temperatures. May 4, 2010. It was largely settled when a Federal District judge approved the largest environmental damage settlement in United States history $20.8 billion on April 4, 2016. Another possibility is that it is formation oil escaping from the subsurface, using the Macondo well casing as flow conduit, possibly intersecting a naturally occurring fault, and then following that to escape at the surface some distance from the wellhead. Fortunately, unlike higher organisms that are adversely impacted by oil spills, microorganisms are able to . In both oil. Government officials acting on behalf of the public when there is injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural resources. Subsurface oil remained offshore and in fine silts. On August 3 BP conducted a static kill, a procedure in which drilling mud was pumped into the well through the BOP. [72][73] Next, it placed a 125-tonne (280,000lb) containment dome over the largest leak and piped the oil to a storage vessel. Fertilizing water with nitrogen and phosphorus to stimulate microbial growth is a common bioremediation strategy for oil spill cleanup; it was used, for example, during the Valdez spill in. Oil spill accidents occur several times in the Indonesian sea, including Jakarta Bay. [26][27], In September 2014, a United States District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct. They used skimmer boats to remove a majority of the oil and they used sorbents to absorb any remnant of oil like a sponge. Number of adult oysters lost to the marketplace because of the Deepwater Horizon explosion and spill. Damage Assessment, Remediation, and Restoration Program. [192] The oil contained approximately 40% methane by weight, compared to about 5% found in typical oil deposits. [199][200] Fish with oozing sores and lesions were first noted by fishermen in November 2010. Fish and Wildlife Service and the. environmental disaster, Gulf of Mexico [2010]. [217][218], In 2012, tar balls continued to wash up along the Gulf coast[219][220][221][222] and in 2013, tar balls could still be found in on the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts, along with oil sheens in marshes and signs of severe erosion of coastal islands, brought about by the death of trees and marsh grass from exposure to the oil. (1) Das, N. and Chandran, P. Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminants: An Overview. Biotechnol Res Int., 2011, DOI: 10.4061/2011/941810, (2) Bik, H., Halanych, K., Sharma, J. and Kelly Thomas, W. Dramatic Shifts in Benthic Microbial Eukaryote Communities following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. PLoS One, 2012, DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0038550, (3) Safina, C. The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Well Blowout: A Little Hindsight. PLoS Biol, 2011, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001049, (4) Kweon, O., Kim, S., Holland, R., Chen, H., Kim, D., Gao, Y., Yu, L., Baek, S., Baek, D., Ahn, H. and Cerniglia, C. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolic Network in Mycobacterium vanbaaleniiPYR-1. J Bacteriol, 2011, DOI: 10.1128/JB.00215-11, (5) Beazley, M., Martinez, R., Rajan, S., Powell, J., Piceno, Y., Tom, L., Anderson, G., Hazen, T., Nostrand, J., Zhou, J., Mortazavi, B. and Sobecky, P. Micrbial Community Analysis of a Coastal Salt March Affected by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. PLoS One, 2012, DOI: 101371/journal.pone.0041305, (6) Kostka, J., Prakash, O., Overhalt, W., Green, S., Freyer, G., Canion, A., Delgardio, J., Norton, N., Hazen, T. and Huettel, M. Hydrocarbon-degrading Bacteria and the Bacterial Community Response in Gulf of Mexico Beach Sands Impacted by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2011, DOI: 10.1128/AEM.05402-11, (7) McGenity, T., Folwell, B., McKew, B. and Sanni, G. Marine crude-oil biodegradation: a central role for interspecies interaction. Aquat Biosyst, 2012, DOI: 10.1186/2046-9063-8-10, (8) Ziervogel, K., McKay, L., Rhodes, B., Osburn, C., Dickson-Brown, J., Arnosti, C. and Teske, A.
Pulaski County Building Permits, Articles D