The UN (https://bit.ly/2PGYALh) projects that India's population will be 1.64 billion by 2050, the IHME projects 1.61 billion by 2048. )-$2.134 billion (2020 est. While an older Sindhi temple still exists in Accra (and the Sathya Sais, the Ananda Margis, ISKCON and the Brahma Kumaris are also active), the African Hindu Monastery (AHM) is now Ghana's largest . From the estimated 2 million migrants, 1 million are from Kerala and 450,000 from Tamil Nadu, thus constituting a majority of the Indian community in the UAE. Quincy, IL (62301) Today. [1], Distribution of Hindus among the Middle Eastern countries, The number of Hindus in other Arab countries, including the countries of the Levant and North Africa, is thought to be negligible. In 2009, there were 12,500 Hindus in Ghana. )$7.884 billion (31 December 2020 est. [2] English is the official language and lingua franca. Large populations are also found in Mauritius, where they number an estimated 715,000, or 60% of the population, and Reunion, at 220,000 or a third of the population. Quesi Anamoh, Natioanal President of African Hindu Temples. Globally, Hindus were slightly younger (median age of 26) than the worlds population overall (median age of 28) as of 2010. Life expectancy, although low by world standards, has improved considerably since 1960 and is among the highest in . In the 1970s, 72 percent of Ghana's population lived in rural areas. )investment in inventories: 1.1% (2017 est. Arab sailors were using the southwest monsoon winds to trade with western Indian ports before the first century CE. The AKUFO-ADDO administration has made some progress by committing to fiscal consolidation, but much work is still to be done. (approximately $330 million)0.3% of GDP (2017 est.) ), total population: 69.37 yearsmale: 67.7 yearsfemale: 71.09 years (2022 est. Christianity is the largest religion in Ghana, with approximately 71.2% of Ghana's population being member of various Christian denominations as of 2010 census. As Max Meuller stated about AIT that some superior men with superior beasts came to Indus or Sindhu basin and drove aboriginals out or possibly enslaved them. On average, desired fertility has remained stable for several years; urban dwellers want fewer children than rural residents. The highest concentration of habitation continued to be within the Accra-Kumasi-Takoradi triangle, largely because of the economic productivity of the region. Hindu: Census - de facto - complete tabulation: Final figure, complete: 2003: 45 . )-$1.864 billion (2019 est. Ghana has a hugely rural population that is dependent on subsistence agriculture. ), urban population: 59.2% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. It increased to 25,000 in 2010 (0.1% of the population). I also report on how these African Hindus resort to a reinterpretation of the history of their Ghanaian indigenous (traditional) religion and culture in their attempt to find religious space in the almost-choked religious environment of Ghana, and also how . )methane emissions: 22.75 megatons (2020 est. This is likely the foundation for the stringent position of Saudi authorities when it comes to idol-worshipping religious practice.[32]. Hindu fertility rates are highest in the Asia-Pacific region (2.4) and lowest in Europe (1.5). Naturalismus Einfach Erklrt, July 2, 2018 Alec Cowan Hindus see increasing numbers and changing role in Ghana The largest religious populations in Ghana are represented by the Christian and Muslim faiths. note: data are in current year dollars$25.592 billion (2019 est. Prospects for new oil and gas production and follow through on tighter fiscal management are likely to help Ghanas economy in 2018. Especially, though people are not being converted, large population is drawn towards Hinduttva. Population of Ghana (2020) View live population, charts & trends: Population of Ghana Ghana Population 31,072,940 see live Yearly Change + 2.15 % Global Share 0.39 % Global Rank 46 The Muslim population is expected to grow faster than the Hindu population recording a 76% increase. The original Hindus spoke Kutchi. Which religion is growing fastest? Global fertility among Hindus is above the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman (the number considered necessary to maintain a stable population, all else being equal). Ghana's population. [6] Major ethnic groups in Ghana include the Akan at 47.5% of the population, the Mole-Dagbon at 16.6%, the Ewe at 13.9%, the Ga-Dangme at 7.4%, the Gurma at 5.7%, the Guan at 3.7%, the Grusi at 2.5%, the Kusaasi at 1.2%, and the Bikpakpaam a.k.a. ), total: 3.5% (2020 est. At the global and regional level, religious switching therefore makes little difference in the growth projections for Hindus. 0.03% of the population is Indian, 0.01% of the population is Arab, 0.011% is African American, 0.017% is Tabom, and 2.4% of the population is Chinese. Primary and junior secondary school education is tuition-free and mandatory. Ghana has been inhabited for at least several thousand years, however, little is known about its early inhabitants. The linkage of the national electricity grid to the northern areas of the country in the late 1980s may help to stabilize the north-to-south flow of internal migration. [28][29] Many Hindus are from South and Southeast Asia. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 5.36% (2021 est. For example, about 18% of the worlds inhabitants lived in India in 2010, and 18% are projected to live in India in 2050. Over the same period, however, the Muslim population in the Asia-Pacific region is projected to grow even faster. However, records from the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs put the number of Hindus in the country at about 10 million individuals. Chance of rain 100%. With a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.4 children per woman, Hindus have about the same fertility levels as the worlds overall population (2.5) in the 2010-2015 period. This increase will roughly keep pace with overall Population In 2009, there were 12,500 Hindus in Ghana. Accra Urban Area Population Projections. The population density of the Upper East Region is well above the national average. The number of Hindus around the world is projected to rise from slightly more than 1 billion in 2010 to nearly 1.4 billion in 2050. Its estimated population in 2022 is 32,395,454 (32.4 million)* equivalent to 0.4% of in the Indus Valley, near modern-day Pakistan. (approximately $300 million), approximately 14,000 active personnel (10,000 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2022), the inventory of the Ghana Armed Forces is a mix of Russian, Chinese, and Western equipment; since 2010, China has been the leading supplier of arms (2022), 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service, with basic education certificate; no conscription (2022), 140 Mali (MINUSMA); 875 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 725 (plus about 275 police) South Sudan (UNMISS); 650 Sudan (UNISFA) (May 2022)note: since sending a contingent of troops to the Congo in 1960, the military has been a regular contributor to African- and UN-sponsored peacekeeping missions, the military of Ghana traces its origins to the Gold Coast Constabulary that was established in 1879 and renamed the Gold Coast Regiment in 1901; the Gold Coast Regiment was part of the West African Frontier Force (WAFF), a multi-regiment force formed by the British colonial office in 1900 to garrison the West African colonies of Gold Coast (Ghana), Nigeria (Lagos and the protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria), Sierra Leone, and Gambia; the WAFF served with distinction in both East and West Africa during World War I; in 1928, it received royal recognition and was re-named the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF); the RWAFF went on to serve in World War II as part of the British 81st and 82nd (West African) divisions in the East Africa and Burma campaigns; following independence in 1957, the Gold Coast Regiment formed the basis for the new Ghanaian Army, as of 2022, the primary missions for the Ghanaian military included assisting other security services with internal security and patrolling the countrys economic exclusion zone, which has led to efforts to expand the Navys capabilities in recent years; in 2022, Ghana beefed up its military presence in the north of the country against threats from the terrorist organization Jamaat Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida linked militant groups, which has conducted attacks in the neighboring countries of Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, and Togo, the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2021, there were 34 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a significant decrease from the total number of 81 incidents in 2020, it included the one hijacking and three of five ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2021, 57 crew members were kidnapped in seven separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 100% of kidnappings worldwide; Nigerian pirates in particular are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2022-001 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 4 January 2022, which states in part, "Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea", disputed maritime border between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire, a transit and destination point for illicit drugs trafficked from Asia and South America to other African nations and Europe, and to a lesser extent the United States; cultivation of cannabis for domestic use and is trafficked to regional markets or to Europe, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education), International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). In 2020, Ghana's female . The Hindu Temple, Dubai (locally referred to as Shiva and Krishna Mandir) has been pointed out as just a small prayer hall operating on the upper floor of a rented commercial building, with two altars. InterNations helps you meet and interact with other Indians in Ghana, living in Accra, Takoradi, Kumasi and many other places across the country. [38] Many of them are from India and Nepal. )solar: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est. About 400,000 Hindus from Asia and the Pacific are forecast to move to the Middle East-North Africa region, while smaller numbers are expected to move to North America (220,000), Europe (90,000) and sub-Saharan Africa (10,000) between 2010 and 2015. As of 2010, there were more Hindus than there were members of any other religious group in the region. Most of the Hindus are indigenous Africans. "Hindu" is derived from Sindhu (Indus river considered holy) in Pakistan. The population of Indian migrants in the UAE had grown from 170,000 in 1975 to an estimated value of 750,000 in 1999. Ghana has a Hindu population of around 12,500, of which as many as 10,000 are indigenous Africans, including Swami Saraswati. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2020 est. While an older Sindhi temple still exists in Accra (and the Sathya Sais, the Ananda Margis, ISKCON and the Brahma Kumaris are also active), the African Hindu Monastery (AHM) is now Ghana's largest . )exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. ), Definition: aged 15 and over can read and write, Population density increased steadily from 36 per square kilometer in 1970 to 52 per square kilometer in 1984. ), total subscriptions: 40,461,609 (2020 est. Hence, Hinduism was . Owusa-Ansah, David. The majority of Indian migrants to UAE are Muslim (50%), followed by Christian (25%) and Hindu (25%). Population Of the 12,500 Hindus in Ghana, 10,000 are indigenous Africans. In recent years, Ghana has taken an active role in promoting regional stability and is highly integrated in international affairs. The Muslim population in Ghana is concentrated in the Northern Ghana and among the communities of Zongo who are scattered across the country. [8][failed verification]. Agriculture accounts for about 20% of GDP and employs more than half of the workforce, mainly small landholders. American Hindus Ganesh Temple in Flushing, Queens, New York City, the oldest Hindu temple in the Western Hemisphere Total population 3,338,214 (2020) 1% of U.S. Population (2016 About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. Population: 376,325,199. The far north is heavily populated. Chart and table of India population from 1950 to 2022. )hydroelectricity: 35.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )from consumed natural gas: 4.364 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. )wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Hinduism is the world's oldest religion, according to many scholars, with roots and customs dating back more than 4,000 years. Instead, Hindus living in Abu Dhabi and Dubai practice their religion within their homes. )female: 0.3% (2020 est. )other: 9.7% (2018 est. Beginning in the 15th century, the Portuguese, followed by other European powers, arrived and contested for trading rights. The only active Hindu temples today are the Shiva temple complex in Muscat (locally known as Motishwar Mandir),[26] and the Krishna temple located in Darsait. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion in Ghana. 0800900111. As a result, Hindus will remain fairly stable as a share of the world's population over the next four decades, at about 15% in both . km (87,851 sq. High near 40F. Includes our Automated Marketing System that does ALL the Hard Work for You.. Includes Receiving )male: 6.6% (2020 est. Ghana Population 2022 Ghana has a population growth rate during 2020-2021 of 2.15%. . )permanent pasture: 36.5% (2018 est. An overwhelming majority of the Hindus (96 per cent of the total Hindu population in Pakistan) live in rural areas of Sindh. Your privacy is 100% protected. ), Asante 16%, Ewe 14%, Fante 11.6%, Boron (Brong) 4.9%, Dagomba 4.4%, Dangme 4.2%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.9%, Kokomba 3.5%, Akyem 3.2%, Ga 3.1%, other 31.2% (2010 est. Christianity was introduced to Ghana by the European missionaries who came to what was known as Gold Coast in the 15 th century. Ghana is one of the three countries outside Asia where Hindus are natives (Others being Russia and Ukraine), not immigrants. Most scholars believe Hinduism started somewhere between 2300 B.C. In fact, this number will represent just over half of the worlds Jewish population (50.8%). )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 176,800 bbl/day (2018 est. By the time of independence, only a few dozen Hindus remained in Oman. [6] Languages that belong to the same ethnic group are usually mutually intelligible. In addition, Canada, with a projected 1 million Hindus in 2050, is forecast to join the list of countries with the 10 largest Hindu populations. June 1st, 2022. Facts and statistics about the Religions of Ghana. atlantis model kits 2021; unceasingly antonym and synonym; northeastern printing locations; asian chili sauce genghis The religious diversity of Ghana is very diverse according to a fractionalization scale based on the number of . )agricultural: 1.07 billion cubic meters (2017 est. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. Top 10 Countries with the Highest Number of Hindus in 2020 - Pew Research: India - 1,093,780,000 Nepal - 28,600,000 Bangladesh - 13,790,000 Indonesia - 4,210,000 Pakistan - 3,990,000 Sri Lanka - 3,090,000 United States - 2,510,000 Malaysia - 1,940,000 United Kingdom - 1,030,000 Myanmar (Burma) - 890,000 Ghana is one of the three countries outside Asia where Hindus are native (Others being Russia and Ukraine), not immigrants. They pass into a junior secondary school system for 3 years of academic training combined with technical and vocational training. )0.4% of GDP (2020 est. . Ghana is one of the three countries outside Asia where Hindus are native (others being Russia and Ukraine), not immigrants. Very slight increases also are expected in the percentages of the worlds Hindus living in Europe and the Middle East-North Africa region. Blog - Follow us on Twitter - Buy a poster - Contact us by email, 2023 by PopulationPyramid.net, made available under a Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 IGO: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/, Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100, Less developed regions, excluding least developed countries, Comparison of carbon emissions per country, List of countries ordered by their population size, Origin of the migrants stocks per country, Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19), Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population), Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% of people living with HIV), Antiretroviral therapy coverage for PMTCT (% of pregnant women living with HIV), Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total), Children with fever receiving antimalarial drugs (% of children under age 5 with fever), Completeness of death registration with cause-of-death information (%), Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79), Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding), GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$), Health expenditure per capita (current US$), Immunization, BCG (% of one-year-old children) - Turberculosis, Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months) - Diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and Tetanus, Immunization, HepB3 (% of one-year-old children) - Hepatitis B, Immunization, Hib3 (% of children ages 12-23 months) - Meningitis, Pneumonia, and Epiglottitis, Immunization, Polio (% of one-year-old children), Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months), Incidence of HIV (% of uninfected population ages 15-49), Incidence of malaria (per 1,000 population at risk), Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people), Labor force, female (% of total labor force), Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above), Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above), Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24), People practicing open defecation, urban (% of urban population), Population ages 65 and above (% of total), Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49), Prevalence of overweight (% of children under 5), Prevalence of overweight, female (% of female adults), Prevalence of overweight, male (% of male adults), Prevalence of syphilis (% of women attending antenatal care), Public spending on education, total (% of GDP), Risk of impoverishing expenditure for surgical care (% of people at risk), School enrollment, secondary, male (% net), Sex ratio at birth (male births per female births), Smoking prevalence, females (% of adults), Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population), Tuberculosis death rate (per 100,000 people), Unemployment, total (% of total labor force), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. Indo-Arabian links were renewed under the British Empire, when many Indians serving in the army or civil service were stationed in Arab lands such as Sudan. )5.596 (2020 est. In 2016, Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO of the NPP defeated MAHAMA, marking the third time that Ghanas presidency had changed parties since the return to democracy. I hate spam too! Box 2288, Accramailing address: 2020 Accra Place, Washington DC 20521-2020telephone: [233] (0) 30-274-1000email address and website: ACSAccra@state.govhttps://gh.usembassy.gov/, three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedomnote: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band, black star, golden eagle; national colors: red, yellow, green, black, name: "God Bless Our Homeland Ghana"lyrics/music: unknown/Philip GBEHOnote: music adopted 1957, lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice, in 1960 when a republic was declared and after a 1966 coup, total World Heritage Sites: 2 (both cultural)selected World Heritage Site locales: Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions; Asante Traditional Buildings. [22], A large part of the Volta Basin is sparsely populated. Hinduism is also one of the fastest growing religions in the Middle East,[20] mainly due to immigration from the Indian Subcontinent. Demographically, as well as culturally and historically, Hinduism is deeply rooted in India, where more than nine-in-ten of the worlds Hindus (94%) lived in 2010. [citation needed]. Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo, total: 238,533 sq kmland: 227,533 sq kmwater: 11,000 sq km, total: 2,420 kmborder countries (3): Burkina Faso 602 km; Cote d'Ivoire 720 km; Togo 1098 km, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north, mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area, highest point: Mount Afadjato 885 mlowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 mmean elevation: 190 m, gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone, agricultural land: 69.1% (2018 est. ), production: 0 metric tons (2020 est. Population, total - Ghana. "2021 Ghana Population and Housing Census". India - 1950. News Ghana. By the early 19th century there were at least 4,000 Hindus in Oman, all of the intermediate merchant caste. The total number of Hindus, including those from India, is much larger. hindu population in ghanagesschmerzen thrombose. Its estimated population in 2022 is 32,395,454 (32.4 million)* equivalent to 0.4% of the total world population. The total Land Area of Ghana is 227,533 sq. km (87,851 sq. mi) & the Population Density of Ghana is 137 per Km2 (354 people per mi2) Share of World Pop. Pop. Density 0 items. "Urban-Rural Disparities". Hindus have welcomed the raising of the Norse Pagan temple to be reportedly constructed in Iceland?s capital Reykjavik, starting next month. - Keywords: demography, population pyramid, age pyramid, aging, retirement, Ghana, 2020. The only countries outside the Asia-Pacific region that ranked among the top 10 largest Hindu populations as of 2010 were the United States and the United Kingdom. [23], Urban areas in Ghana have customarily been supplied with more amenities than rural locations. Bangladesh has the third-largest population of Hindus at almost 13.8 million. ), 3.768 million Kumasi, 2.660 million ACCRA (capital), 1.078 million Sekondi Takoradi (2023), at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female15-24 years: 0.99 male(s)/female25-54 years: 0.89 male(s)/female55-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est. Toll Free. ), $23.901 billion (2021 est.) [11], Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Demographics Health Survey:[12], Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[13], Fertility data as of 2014 (DHS Program):[15], Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022.[16]. The 2020 Census of American Religion - PRRI Current American Indian Population in Minnesota 2020, 2019 with Demographics and Stats by age, gender. [23] The "Rural Manifesto," which assessed the causes of rural underdevelopment, was introduced in April 1984. The Pew Research Centers December 2012 report The Global Religious Landscape estimated that Mauritius also had a Hindu majority in 2010, based on a projection from the 2000 census. )exports: 1.801 billion kWh (2020 est. Eleven languages have the status of government-sponsored languages: four Akan ethnic languages (Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi, Fante and Nzema) and two Mole-Dagbani ethnic languages (Dagaare and Dagbanli). Hinduism is the fastest-growing religion in Ghana. )73.4% of GDP (2016 est. 2014. [35] The new temple, BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Abu Dhabi, had its foundation stone laying ceremony in April, 2019.[36][37]. The Muslim population in Europe is about 50 million today going to 60 million by 2030, forming 8% of Europes population (excluding Turkey). In 2001, Belgian speleologists found a large number of inscriptions, drawings and archaeological objects on the Socotra island in Yemen[21][22] left by sailors who visited the island in the 1st century BC to 6th century AD and most of the texts found were written in the Indian Brahmi script. These averages did not reflect variations in population distribution. Those continuing move into the three-year senior secondary school program. The countrys first gas processing plant at Atuabo is also producing natural gas from the Jubilee field, providing power to several of Ghanas thermal power plants. By 1970 the urban percentage had increased to 28 percent. Discussions. $0.00. It increased to 25,000 in 2010 (0.1% of the population). ), production: 1,598,653,000 cubic meters (2019 est. Its total fertility rate fell significantly during the 1980s and 1990s but has stalled at around four children per woman for the last few years. According to a 2010 report by the Pew Research Center, approximately 75 percent of the population follows either the Drukpa Kagyu or the Nyingma school of Buddhism. By 2050, Muslims are expected to be the Asia-Pacific regions largest religious group, making up 30% of the regions overall population, with Hindus as the second-biggest group. Ghana's economy was strengthened by a quarter century of relatively sound management, a competitive business environment, and sustained reductions in poverty levels, but in recent years has suffered the consequences of loose fiscal policy, high budget and current account deficits, and a depreciating currency. Most Hindu migrants will come from the Asia-Pacific region, primarily from India and Nepal. By the 12th century, the gold trade started to boom in Bono (Bonoman) state in what is today southern Ghana, and it became the genesis of Akan power and wealth in the region. The Hindu population of Pakistan makes up a small minority of about 1.96 million, or 1.2 per cent, of the total population. From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Mostly owing to a high number of relatively young immigrants, Hindus in Europe (median age of 34) and North America (median age of 30) were considerably younger than the general populations in those regions as of 2010. The northern region also has lower school enrollment, higher illiteracy, and fewer opportunities for women.