The study found that patients with Covid-19 treated in hospital who "received ivermectin early reported substantial recovery" and that there was "a substantial improvement and reduction in . In an experiment by Draganov, it was found that the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and activated caspase-1 was significantly increased in breast cancer cells after IVM intervention [37]. McKerrow J.H. Ivermectin is generally given with water on an empty stomach; however, administering ivermectin with food increases its bioavailability. It has been widely used in humans for many years, and its various pharmacological properties, including long- and short-term toxicological effects and drug metabolism characteristics are very clear. Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. The FDA first issued a warning in April 2020 that ivermectin intended for use in animals should not be used to treat COVID-19 . Degterev A., Yuan J. Not only does IVM not overlap with other therapies in term of its mechanism of action, but the fact that of IVM has multiple targets suggests that it is not easy to produce IVM resistance. Where are the tablets available without prescription? IVM.YAP1 plays an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis, indicating the possibility of the use of IVM as a YAP1 inhibitor for cancer treatment . IVM can inhibit the replication of flavivirus by targeting the NS3 helicase [17]; it also blocks the nuclear transport of viral proteins by acting on /-mediated nuclear transport and exerts antiviral activity against the HIV-1 and dengue viruses [18]. In addition, researchers also used the Akt activator CA-Akt to prove that IVM mainly induces autophagy by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR (Fig. If you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical . Genetic and molecular epidemiology of adult diffuse glioma. Kircik L.H., Del Rosso J.Q., Layton A.M., Schauber J. 1-26 However, those studies have limitations that make them less definitive and informative than the studies summarized in the table. These results showed that IVM had the potential to resist tumor angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. The majority of cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection [54,55]. Kane N.S., Hirschberg B., Qian S., Hunt D., Thomas B., Brochu R., Ludmerer S.W., Zheng Y., Smith M., Arena J.P., Cohen C.J., Schmatz D., Warmke J., Cully D.F. However, to date, no exact target for IVM action has been found. IVM halted the cell cycle in S phase and promoted apoptosis. Ravegnini G., Sammarini G., Nannini M., Pantaleo M.A., Biasco G., Hrelia P., Angelini S. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): Facing cell death between autophagy and apoptosis. The experimental results showed that IVM would preferentially targeted and inhibited CSCs-rich cell populations compared with other cell populations in MDA-MB-231 cells. Here's What You Need to Know about Ivermectin. Goudie A.C., Evans N.A., Gration K.A., Bishop B.F., Gibson S.P., Holdom K.S., Kaye B., Wicks S.R., Lewis D., Weatherley A.J. Targeted treatment of key mutated genes in cancer, such as EGFR in lung cancer and HER2 in breast cancer, can achieve powerful clinical effects [105,106]. Ivermectin reverses the drug resistance in cancer cells through EGFR/ERK/Akt/NF-kappaB pathway. Quote Tweets. Effects of ivermectin on blood-feeding Phlebotomus papatasi, and the promastigote stage of Leishmania major. A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management. Two studied the effects of intensive physical treatment plus selenium or placebo in preventing AIE's, and two studied the effects of Ivermectin, Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) (anti-filarial agents) and penicillin as prophylactic treatment for adeno lymphangitis(ADL) versus placebo.Both selenium trials reported no inflammatory episodes during the . The FDA has not authorized or approved ivermectin for use in preventing or treating COVID-19 in humans or animals. 3). In recent years, many new chemotherapeutic drugs have entered the clinic, but tumor cells are prone to drug resistance and obvious adverse reactions to these drugs. In another study, IVM inhibited the proliferation of U251 and C6 glioma cells by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR pathway [64]. (2) IVM regulates the tumor microenvironment, inhibits the activity of tumor stem cells and reduces tumor angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. But the question of which cancers Ivermectin has been proven effective is a constant source of questions. Retweets. Kibria G., Hatakeyama H., Harashima H. Cancer multidrug resistance: mechanisms involved and strategies for circumvention using a drug delivery system. On the other hand, ivermectin promotes programmed cancer cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis. The PAK1-Stat3 Signaling Pathway Activates IL-6 Gene Transcription and Human Breast Cancer Stem Cell Formation. A Colombian health worker . We formerly reported that the combination of dichloroacetate, omeprazole, and tamoxifen blocked cancer progression by reducing lactic acid production and inducing superoxide production. (3) It has become increasingly clear that IVM can induce a mixed cell death mode involving apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis depending on the cell conditions and cancer type. p21-activated kinases in cancer. Choi S.K., Kam H., Kim K.Y., Park S.I., Lee Y.S. The article was . This suggests that ivermectin may be an anticancer drug with great potential. Juarez M., Schcolnik-Cabrera A., Duenas-Gonzalez A. Kodama M., Kodama T., Newberg J.Y., Katayama H., Kobayashi M., Hanash S.M., Yoshihara K., Wei Z., Tien J.C., Rangel R., Hashimoto K., Mabuchi S., Sawada K., Kimura T., Copeland N.G., Jenkins N.A. Subsequently, the inactivation Akt/mTOR signaling cannot inhibit the formation of the Beclin-1 complex, thus inducing the formation autophagosome. A study published in the peer-reviewed American Journal of Therapeutics showed that the cost of ivermectin for other treatments in Bangladesh is around $0.60 to $1.80 for a five-day course. Niazi M., Zakeri-Milani P., Najafi Hajivar S., Soleymani Goloujeh M., Ghobakhlou N., Shahbazi Mojarrad J., Valizadeh H. Nano-based strategies to overcome p-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance. Ivermectin is a minor cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate and a p-glycoprotein substrate. In this study, we sought to explore whether ivermectin (IVM), a macrolide antiparasitic agent, could overcome the resistance of cancer cells to the therapeutic drugs. It included data from Surgisphere, a company that also provided inaccurate patient data . Han S.J., Lovaszi M., Kim M., DAgati V., Hasko G., Lee H.T. Jiang L., Wang P., Sun Y.J., Wu Y.J. It utilizes lysosomes to eliminate superfluous or damaged organelles in the cytoplasm to maintain homeostasis. On the one hand, autophagy can help tumors adapt to the nutritional deficiency of the tumor microenvironment, and to a certain extent, protect tumor cells from chemotherapy- or radiotherapy- induced injury. In addition to IVM, the current avermectin family members include selamectin, doramectin and moxidectin [[2], [3], [4], [5]] (Fig. Kwak H.J., Kim Y.J., Chun K.R., Woo Y.M., Park S.J., Jeong J.A., Jo S.H., Kim T.H., Min H.S., Chae J.S., Choi E.J., Kim G., Shin S.H., Gwak H.S., Kim S.K., Hong E.K., Lee G.K., Choi K.H., Kim J.H., Yoo H., Park J.B., Lee S.H. Safety and mosquitocidal efficacy of high-dose ivermectin when co-administered with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in Kenyan adults with uncomplicated malaria (IVERMAL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gewirtz D.A. A word about safety There were no serious ivermectin-related adverse events. P2X4 receptor exacerbates ischemic AKI and induces renal proximal tubular NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. I can't find ivermectin tablets anywhere. Antibiotic ivermectin preferentially targets renal cancer through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage. Zhu M., Li Y., Zhou Z. Ivermectin: a potent new antiparasitic agent. The DDX23 helicase activity affects the expression of miR-12 [66]. The Panel reviewed other clinical studies of IVM for the treatment of COVID-19. Following the study, the FDA released a letter out of concern warning consumers not to self-medicate with ivermectin products intended for animals. In addition, IVM also had a cytotoxic effect on a variety of nasopharyngeal cancer cells in vitro, and the mechanism is related to the reduction of PAK1 kinase activity to inhibit the MAPK pathway. A new study evaluated the effect of ivermectin on time to recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with mild to moderate disease. Interestingly, IVM and paclitaxel have a synergistic effect on ovarian cancer, and combined treatment in in vivo experiments almost completely inhibited tumor growth. Pyroptosis is a type of inflammatory cell death induced by inflammasomes. Moreover, the expression of the homeobox protein NANOG, octamer-binding protein 4 (OCT-4) and SRY-box 2 (SOX-2), which are closely related to the self-renewal and differentiation ability of stem cells in CSCs, were also significantly inhibited by IVM. An experiment found that IVM could significantly enhance the inhibitory effects of erlotinib and cetuximab on lung cancer and colorectal cancer [50]. In gliomas, miR-21 can regulate the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway and enhance its effects on proliferation and invasion [65]. Galluzzi L., Green D.R. When the external environment is suitable, CSCs will rapidly proliferate to reactivate the formation and growth of tumors. The present study represents the first study evaluating the anticancer efficacy of ivermectin in pancreatic cancer. Draganov D., Gopalakrishna-Pillai S., Chen Y.R., Zuckerman N., Moeller S., Wang C., Ann D., Lee P.P. Ivermectin neither reduced hospital admissions for worsening COVID-19 nor shortened the time that infected patients spent in the emergency room, according to data from a large randomized . Overall, the specific environment of tumor cells will determine whether autophagy enhances or inhibits tumor development and improving autophagy activity has also become a new approach in cancer therapy. This included: a laboratory study showing that the drug acted as a strong antiviral in a petri dish, a study in a French nursing home where the residents took ivermectin to treat a scabies . Elsevier Public Health Emergency Collection, HelaColorectal cancer (CC14, CC36, DLD1,Ls174 T)Ovarian cancer (SKOV3, OVCAR3, CAOV3)Renal cell carcinoma (SW-839, Caki-2, 786-O, A498, ACHN)Leukemia(K562, primary CD34, Glioma (U251, C6)Breast cancer(MCF-7, MDA-MB-231)Melanoma (SK-MEL-28), Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Melanoma, Prostate cancer, Lung cancer Colorectal cancer. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. Dong J., Qin Z., Zhang W.D., Cheng G., Yehuda A.G., Ashby C.R., Jr., Chen Z.S., Cheng X.D., Qin J.J. describing ivermectin activity against SARS-CoV-2, 22 and in Brazil, in particular, the use of ivermectin . This suggests that IVM may be used as a potential CSCs inhibitor for cancer therapy. MDR of tumor cells is the main cause of relapses and deaths after chemotherapy [97]. Crump A. Ivermectin: enigmatic multifaceted wonder drug continues to surprise and exceed expectations. As a member of the PAK family of serine/threonine kinases, PAK1 has a multitude of biological functions such as regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, cell movement, cytoskeletal dynamics and transformation [108]. Dou Q., Chen H.N., Wang K., Yuan K., Lei Y., Li K., Lan J., Chen Y., Huang Z., Xie N., Zhang L., Xiang R., Nice E.C., Wei Y., Huang C. Ivermectin Induces Cytostatic Autophagy by Blocking the PAK1/Akt Axis in Breast Cancer. This proves that IVM mainly exerts an antitumor effect through the autophagy pathway. This work was supported by the Science Research Innovation Team Project of Anhui Colleges and Universities (2016-40), the Bengbu City Natural Science Foundation (2019-12), the Key Projects of Science Research of Bengbu Medical College (BYKY2019009ZD) and National University Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (201910367001). ATP binding transport family-mediated drug efflux and overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) are widely considered to be the main causes of tumor MDR [[98], [99], [100]]. Therefore, the development of new drugs that can overcome resistance, improve anticancer activity, and reduce side effects is an urgent problem to be solved in chemotherapy. It is impossible to prove a negative, so the TOGETHER trial cannot prove that ivermectin is not useful in treating COVID. 36. Therefore, this review summarized the latest findings on the anticancer effect of IVM and discussed the mechanism of the inhibition of tumor proliferation and the way that IVM induces tumor programmed cell death to provide a theoretical basis for the use of IVM as a potential anticancer drug. Gao A., Wang X., Xiang W., Liang H., Gao J., Yan Y. Overall, IVM can induce autophagy through PAK1/Akt/mTOR pathway to represses the growth of cancer cells independent of apoptosis. Second, IVM seems to induce mixed cell death in tumor cells, which is also a controversial issue. Previous studies have indicated that PAK1 is located at the intersection of multiple signaling pathways related to tumorigenesis and is a key regulator of cancer signaling networks (Fig. Ashour D.S. This group explores and celebrates the successes of the repurposed drug Fenbendazole to help with cancer treatment. Table 1, the main form of IVM induced programmed cell death is apoptosis. Giving ivermectin with balstilimab may increase the effect of balstilimab in shrinking tumors in patients with triple negative breast cancer. Levy J.M.M., Towers C.G., Thorburn A. 4), but there is no specific evidence to prove this speculation. Ivermectin induces apoptosis and autophagy is mutually regulated. Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies, resulting in approximately 530,000 new cases and 270,000 deaths worldwide each year. Zhang X., Qin T., Zhu Z., Hong F., Xu Y., Zhang X., Xu X., Ma A. Ivermectin Augments the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Cisplatin in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer by Suppressing Akt/mTOR Signaling. The clinical trials described in this table are RCTs that had the greatest impact on the Panel's recommendation. The phenomenon of IVM-induced autophagy has also been reported in glioma and melanoma [ Didier A., Loor F. The abamectin derivative ivermectin is a potent p-glycoprotein inhibitor. Based on the studies suggesting efficacy in prophylaxis combined with the known safety profile of ivermectin, a citywide prevention program using ivermectin for COVID-19 was implemented in Itaja, a southern . Nishio found that IVM could significantly inhibit the proliferation of H1299 lung cancer cells by inhibiting YAP1 activity [43]. The excessive activation of PAK1 is involved in the formation, development, and invasion of various cancers [ Melanoma is the most common malignant skin tumor with a high mortality rate. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and still lacks effective therapy. treatment [[23], [24], [25], [26], [27]]. A review of 10 random clinical trials, with more than 1,000 participants, also didn . In recent years, many studies have shown that autophagy is a double-edged sword in tumor development. In humans, the FDA has approved ivermectin to treat infections caused by some parasitic worms and, topically, for head lice and the skin disorder rosacea. In addition, characteristic pyroptosis phenomena such as cell swelling and rupturing were observed. Deng F., Xu Q., Long J., Xie H. Suppressing ROSTFE3dependent autophagy enhances ivermectininduced apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Computational searching of DrugBank, a database of approved drugs, was performed using the principles of twodimensional similarity . Abstract. A longitudinal study was undertaken in three hyperendemic foci in Mali and Senegal with 15 to 17 years of annual or six-monthly ivermectin treatment in order to assess residual levels of infection . This finding led the researchers to suspect that perhaps a different type of brake, other than the PD-1/PD-L1 system, was disabling T cells in pancreatic cancer patients. On average, a new case is diagnosed every 18 seconds worldwide [30,31]. Ginsburg O., Bray F., Coleman M.P., Vanderpuye V., Eniu A., Kotha S.R., Sarker M., Huong T.T., Allemani C., Dvaladze A., Gralow J., Yeates K., Taylor C., Oomman N., Krishnan S., Sullivan R., Kombe D., Blas M.M., Parham G., Kassami N., Conteh L. The global burden of womens cancers: a grand challenge in global health. The inflammasome is a multimolecular complex containing pattern recognition receptor (PRR), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and pro-caspase-1. Subsequently, NLRP3 Inflammasome initiates pro-caspase-1 to self-shear into mature caspase-1. Activated caspase-1 can cause pro-IL-1 and pro-IL-18 to mature and to be secreted. Over 25 Years of Clinical Experience With Ivermectin: An Overview of Safety for an Increasing Number of Indications. Malignant tumors are one of the most serious diseases that threaten human health and social development today, and chemotherapy is one of the most important methods for the treatment of malignant tumors. In melanoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, IVM inhibited cell proliferation activity by inhibiting PAK1 to downregulate the expression of MEK 1/2 and ERK1/2 [69,73]. Drug repositioning is a shortcut to accelerate the development of anticancer drugs. Furthermore, according to a report by Zhang, IVM can enhance the efficacy of cisplatin to improve the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer, and the mechanism is related to the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway [60]. Written by Carolyn Crist. The authors speculated that IVM may mediate the occurrence of pyroptosis via the P2 4/P2 7/NLRP3 pathway (Fig. Ivermectin is an anthelmintic. In addition, there is also no clinically applicable therapeutic drug currently [34,35]. IVM activates glutamate-gated chloride channels in the parasite, causing a large amount of chloride ion influx and neuronal hyperpolarization, thereby leading to the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to destroy nerves, and the nerve transmission of muscle cells induces the paralysis of somatic muscles to kill parasites [9,10]. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. Nappi's experiment also proved that IVM combined with erlotinib to achieved a synergistic killing effect by regulating EGFR activity and in HCC827 lung cancer cells [50]. Ivermectin, a potential anticancer drug derived from an antiparasitic drug. Hence several favorable signals were detected in a study with several structural biases against ivermectin. However, in breast cancer cell experiments, it was also found that IVM could induce autophagy, and enhanced autophagy could increase the anticancer activity of IVM [37]. Ivermectin is used to treat river blindness (onchocerciasis), intestinal infection from threadworms (strongyloidiasis), and other kinds of worm infections. This is a randomized, doubled-blind and placebo-controlled phase II study that will evaluate the efficacy of the early use of ivermectin plus losartan in cancer patients who present with recent diagnosis of COVID-19. The latest research shows that in normal circumstances autophagy will prevent the induction of apoptosis and apoptosis-related caspase enzyme activation will inhibit autophagy. Recent studies have also pointed out that it has a promising inhibitory effect on the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused a global outbreak in 2020 [19]. Lim S.M., Syn N.L., Cho B.C., Soo R.A. Acquired resistance to EGFR targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. As mentioned above, the broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug IVM, which is widely used in the field of parasitic control, has many advantages that suggest that it is worth developing as a potential new anticancer drug. aAnhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province 233030, China, bClinical Medical Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province 233030, China, cDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province 233030, China, dDepartment of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province 233030, China, eSchool of Fundamental Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province 233030, China. IVM is currently the most successful avermectin family drug and was approved by the FDA for use in humans in 1978 [6]. DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX23 modulates glioma malignancy via elevating miR-21 biogenesis. In Jiang's experiment, IVM reversed the drug resistance of the vincristine-resistant colorectal cancer cell line HCT-8, doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and the chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 [104]. Leukemia is a type of malignant clonal disease caused by abnormal hematopoietic stem cells [52]. Yang J.D., Hainaut P., Gores G.J., Amadou A., Plymoth A., Roberts L.R. The functionality is limited to basic scrolling. Most of the anticancer research performed on the avermectin family has been focused on avermectin and IVM until now. already built in. When they compared the excluded ivermectin group of 75 to the remaining 198 subjects in the placebo groups, ivermectin reduced SP 9.3% vs. 21.2%. Dammann K., Khare V., Gasche C. Tracing PAKs from GI inflammation to cancer. It has a good effect on the treatment of parasitic diseases such as river blindness, elephantiasis, and scabies. However, whether ivermectin affects CRC is still unclear. The four faces of autophagy: implications for cancer therapy. Fang Y., Tian S., Pan Y., Li W., Wang Q., Tang Y., Yu T., Wu X., Shi Y., Ma P., Shu Y. Pyroptosis: A new frontier in cancer. In healthy volunteers, the dose was increased to 2 mg/Kg, and no serious adverse reactions were found, while tests in animals such as mice, rats, and rabbits found that the median lethal dose (LD50) of IVM was 10-50 mg/Kg [112] In addition, IVM has also been proven to show good permeability in tumor tissues [50]. Zhang P., Zhang Y., Liu K., Liu B., Xu W., Gao J., Ding L., Tao L. Ivermectin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of HeLa cells via mitochondrial pathway. However, in special circumstances, autophagy may also help to induce apoptosis or necrosis [83]. Moreover, IVM can up-regulate Bax and down-regulate Bcl-2, promote releasing of cytochrome C into the cytosol, and activate the signaling cascade of caspases9/3. 88]. Intuyod's experiment found that IVM inhibited the proliferation of KKU214 cholangiocarcinoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner [44]. With the development of derivatives of the avermectin family that are more efficient and less toxic, relevant research on the anticancer mechanism of the derivatives still has great value. This may be related to the regulation of multiple signaling pathways by ivermectin through PAK1 kinase. The following side effects and drug interactions that can occur with ivermectin are signs of ivermectin toxicity, according to the CDC: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; Dizziness; Low blood pressure; Tachycardia (an abnormally fast heart rate) Headache; Blurred vision and visual hallucinations; Confusion Yin J., Park G., Lee J.E., Choi E.Y., Park J.Y., Kim T.H., Park N., Jin X., Jung J.E., Shin D., Hong J.H., Kim H., Yoo H., Lee S.H., Kim Y.J., Park J.B., Kim J.H. Interestingly, IVM could also show activity against BRAF wild-type melanoma cells, and its combination with dapafinib could significantly increase antitumor activity. Zanconato F., Cordenonsi M., Piccolo S. YAP and TAZ: a signalling hub of the tumour microenvironment. Finally, activated PARP and caspase-3 trigger apoptosis. Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro by doramectin and nemadectin. Formulated as a lotion, ivermectin is safe enough to be administered as an over-the-counter treatment for head lice in kids. Zheng Z., Li G. Mechanisms and Therapeutic Regulation of Pyroptosis in Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer. Gallardo F., Teiti I., Rochaix P., Demilly E., Jullien D., Mariam B., Tilkin-Mariam A.-F. Macrocyclic Lactones Block Melanoma Growth, Metastases Development and Potentiate Activity of Anti BRAF V600 Inhibitors. Nishio M., Sugimachi K., Goto H., Wang J., Morikawa T., Miyachi Y., Takano Y., Hikasa H., Itoh T., Suzuki S.O., Kurihara H., Aishima S., Leask A., Sasaki T., Nakano T., Nishina H., Nishikawa Y., Sekido Y., Nakao K., Shin-Ya K., Mimori K., Suzuki A. Dysregulated YAP1/TAZ and TGF-beta signaling mediate hepatocarcinogenesis in Mob1a/1b-deficient mice. Under the stimulation of a tumor microenvironment with a high level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) outside tumor cells, IVM could enhance the P2 4/ P2 7/Pannexin-1 mediated release of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) [37]. Laing R., Gillan V., Devaney E. Ivermectin - Old Drug, New Tricks? RAS activation directly initiates PAK1, MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathway. Medicinal chemistry strategies to discover P-glycoprotein inhibitors: An update. The secondary objectives of the study include evaluating the following efficacy outcomes: objective response rate (ORR), progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), duration of response (DOR . Arcangeli S., Pinzi V., Arcangeli G. Epidemiology of prostate cancer and treatment remarks. Ivermectin is approved for human . After intervention with IVM, the cell cycle of HeLa cells was blocked at the G1/S phase, and the cells showed typical morphological changes related to apoptosis. In a study by Hashimoto, it found that IVM inhibited the proliferation of various ovarian cancer cell lines, and the mechanism was related to the inhibition of PAK1 kinase [58]. Carneiro S.R., da Silva Lima A.A., de Fatima Silva Santos G., de Oliveira C.S.B., Almeida M.C.V., da Conceicao Nascimento Pinheiro M. Relationship between Oxidative Stress and Physical Activity in Women with Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in a Cervical Cancer Control Program in the Brazilian Amazon. Interestingly, ivermectin can also inhibit tumor stem cells and reverse multidrug resistance and exerts the optimal effect when used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. 672. Kim J.H., Choi H.S., Kim S.L., Lee D.S. We believe that deeper exploration of the mechanism can further guide the use of IVM in the treatment of cancer. A study actually a review of trials done with ivermectin on COVID-19 patients claims large reductions in COVID-19 deaths are "possible using ivermectin.". Wang J., Xu Y., Wan H., Hu J. In vivo loss-of-function screens identify KPNB1 as a new druggable oncogene in epithelial ovarian cancer. Bishop B.F., Bruce C.I., Evans N.A., Goudie A.C., Gration K.A., Gibson S.P., Pacey M.S., Perry D.A., Walshe N.D., Witty M.J. Selamectin: a novel broad-spectrum endectocide for dogs and cats. Dr. Mercola encourages you to make your own health care decisions based upon your research and in partnership with a qualified health care professional.
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