Acta Chem Scand 24:726728, Lawrie G, Keen I, Drew B, Chandler-Temple A, Rintoul L, Fredericks P, Grndahl L (2007) Interactions between alginate and chitosan biopolymers characterized using FTIR and XPS. In: Steinbuchel A, Rhee SK (eds) Polysaccharides and polyamides in the food industry: properties, production, and patents. Abstract The setting behavior of calcium alginate impression materials was investigated by monitoring the viscosity, calcium ion activity, and shear modulus during the reaction. Epub 2020 Jun 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92679-5_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Chemistry. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Results: The smart wetting impression material is designed to avoid trapping fluid, alleviating the . study of the composition and sequence of uronate residues in alginates. A self-disinfecting irreversible hydrocolloid impression material mixed with chlorhexidine solution. Impression materials are used to copy the teeth and surrounding oral structures by creating a dental impression poured with dental plaster to fabricate a dental cast. They are there to help you feel comfortable. 4 Stress in Dentistry (Applied . Part of Springer Nature. Effect of Powder/Water Ratio Variation on Viscosity, Tear Strength and Detail Reproduction of Dental Alginate Impression Material (. Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide mainly found in brown algae. mouth guards. Synthesis of a novel injectable alginate impression material and impression accuracy evaluation. 19 Figure 8.3.1: Radiographic image teeth #8 and #9. Fernandez CC, Sokolonski AR, Fonseca MS, Stanisic D, Arajo DB, Azevedo V, Portela RD, Tasic L. Int J Mol Sci. Alginate is one of the commonly used dental material. When the amount of the water-soluble polyether that is a liquid at 25 C. is less than 0.1% by weight, satisfactory effects cannot be obtained, whereas when it exceeds 10% by weight . The stability of alginate molecules is discussed from the point of view of the effect on the polymer molecular weight. Biomaterials 26:15151522, Dusseault J, Langlois G, Meunier MC, Mnard M, Perreault C, Hall JP (2008) The effect of covalent cross-links between the membrane components of microcapsules on the dissemination of encapsulated malignant cells. J Food Eng 39:369378, Manning GS (1969a) Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions I. Colligative properties. The patients general oral health is fair. [Fundamental studies of elastic impression materials (part III). Biomaterials 17:10691079, Thu B, Gserd O, Paus D, Mikkelsen A, Skjk-Brk G, Toffanin R, Vittur F, Rizzo R (2000) Inhomogeneous alginate gel spheres: an assessment of the polymer gradients by synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission, magnetic resonance microimaging, and mathematical modeling. Carbohydr Res 68:2331, Grasdalen H, Larsen B, Smisrd O (1981) 13C-n.m.r. Hydrobiologia 151152:541549, Joki T, Machluf M, Atala A, Zhu J, Seyfried NT, Dunn IF, Abe T, Carroll RS, Black PM (2001) Continuous release of endostatin from microencapsulated engineered cells for tumor therapy. Getting impressions of your teeth is an important part of restorative and orthodontic treatments. So recommends the effect of fluoride addition in other concentration. Demajo JK, Cassar V, Farrugia C, Millan-Sango D, Sammut C, Valdramidis V, Camilleri J. Int J Prosthodont. If using premeasured singleuse package, the bag may be lightly shaken before tearing open. Carbohydr Res 118:255260, Grasdalen H, Larsen B, Smidsrd O (1977) 13C-N.m.r. Int J Biochem 24:545552, Gamini A, Paoletti S, Zanetti F (1992) Chain rigidity of polyuronated: static light scattering of aqueous solutions of hyaluronate and alginate. stepa063. Authors FEBS Lett 32:195198, Grasdalen H (1983) High-field, 1H-n.m.r. Alginate impression material is used for a variety of purposes. Bookshelf Burkhart Dental Alginate Fast Set Impression Material SDS Code Number 850888 Trade Name & Synonyms Burkhart Dental Alginate Fast Set Impression Material Date of Last Revision 10/1/14 . Alginate material comes in canisters and singleuse packets. Is stiffness among the ideal requirements of a dental impression material? 2022 Sep-Oct;12(5):547-551. doi: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.07.002. Dental impressions are used for any device that has to fit over or replace any of your teeth, such as: Because alginate impression material reacts favorably to water, it produces accurate dental impressions even in the presence of saliva. Acta Chem Scand 21:691704, Heinemann M, Meinberg H, Bchs J, Ko HJ, Ansorge-Schumacher MB (2005) Method for quantitative determination of spatial polymer distribution in alginate beads using Raman spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 66:145154, Morris ER, Rees DA, Thom D (1980) Characterisation of alginate composition and block-structure by circular dichroism. Acta Chem Scand 17:16531662, Haug A, Smidsrd O (1965) Fractionation of alginate by precipitation with calcium and magnesium ions. tomato DC3000 in host and non-host plants. Alginate Impression material is an Elastic, Irreversible Impression material which is used to take the impression of both Dentulous and Edentulous Impressions. The procedure for taking the impression is repeated (see Figure 8.3.4). Clarendon, Oxford, Vold IMN, Kristiansen KA, Christensen BE (2006) A study of the chain stiffness and extension of alginates, in vitro epimerized alginates, and periodate-oxidized alginates using size-exclusion chromatography combined with light scattering and viscosity detectors. and the next question [], Residual Alveolar Ridge is the absence of teeth after tooth extraction and after extraction of the teeth the bone starts to resorb which is called as Residual Ridge resorption. This paper provides an overview of the use of alginate impression material in clinical dentistry and suggests ways in which failures can be avoided. The present chapter deals with the description of the main characteristics of alginate as a material. Alginate is a powder material that contains sodium alginate, calcium sulfate, trisodium phosphate, diatomaceous earth, zinc oxide, and potassium titanium fluoride. 1978 Jan;19(45):48-52. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Precise impressions help dentists make custom fitting appliances that won't cause irritation or discomfort. 2016;2(2):13. doi: 10.21767/2471-8084.100022. 28, 29, 30 Low-dust dental alginate impression material added . Carbohydr Polym 1:521, Odijk T, Houwaart AC (1978) On the theory of the excluded-volume effect of a polyelectrolyte in a 11 electrolyte solution. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The 2nd year of B.D.S had a different subject pattern until the batch of 2007, but later it was changed where the Dental Materials subject which was a part of the first year programme, now comes int the 2nd year, while the Dental Anatomy and Histology are promoted to the 1st year of the B.D.S. Phys Rev Lett 61:2620, Martinsen A, Skjk Brk G, Smidsrd O (1989) Alginate as immobilization material: I. Infect Immun 58:33633368, Peleg M, Campanella OH (1989) The mechanical sensitivity of soft compressible testing machines. Setting properties of alginate impression materials in dynamic viscoelasticity. Kruskal-Wallis test used to determine significant differences in the number of colonies was counted in antimicrobial test ( = 0.05). : . An accurate impression of your teeth and gums will help your dentist recreate a model of your dental arch. Faraday Discuss Chem Soc 57:263274, Smidsrd O, Draget KI (1996) Alginate gelation technology. An official website of the United States government In: Food colloids proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. Self-Diffusion of the small ions. Technology is advancing in our greater world, as we move into a more digital arena in all aspects of our lives. While waiting for adhesive to dry, have the patient rinse out well with a nonalcoholbased rinse to remove any debris. Working time (n = 10), setting time (n = 10), and surface detail reproduction (n = 10) were evaluated separately using the ISO 21563 protocol. Before The persistence of microorganisms on impression materials following disinfection. Biotechnol Bioeng 26:13931394, Tanaka H, Matsumura M, Veliky IA (1984b) Diffusion characteristics of substrates in Ca-alginate gel beads. Braz Oral Res. Cell Transplant 11:313324, Rokstad AM, Donati I, Borgogna M, Oberholzer J, Strand BL, Espevik T, Skjk-Brk G (2006) Cell-compatible covalently reinforced beads obtained from a chemoenzymatically engineered alginate. If using alginate in a canister, the canister should be turned gently upside down to fluff material before opening. Biomacromolecules 6:8898, Donati I, Holtan S, Mrch YA, Borgogna M, Dentini M, Skjk-Brk G (2005b) New hypothesis on the role of alternating sequences in calcium-alginate gels. The global Alginate Impression Materials market was valued at USD 280.6 million in 2020 and is expected to reach USD 535.9 million by the end of 2027, growing at a CAGR of 9.5% during the. PubMed Butterworths, London, pp 5172, Mitchell JR (1980) The rheology of gels. The Maxilla and Mandible resorb differently, with the Maxilla becoming narrower or decreasing in width and the mandible becomes wider. To get the least amount of []. Silica present in the dust which rises from the can after fluffing alginate powder is a health hazard. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Cannot be manipulated once the impression is set. Trends Biotechnol 8:7178, Smidsrd O, Whittington SG (1969) Monte Carlo investigation of chemical inhomogeneity in copolymers. When mixed with water, it makes a smooth gel-like consistency that sets firmly enough to mold. Carbohydr Polym 15:171193, Martinsen A, Storr I, Skjrk-Brk G (1992) Alginate as immobilization material: III. Effect of Different Disinfectants on Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans Transferred to Alginate and Polyvinylsiloxane Impression Materials. Biopolymers 12:18651878, CAS Patient should rinse and all alginate should be removed from the patients face. Biomaterials 29:917924, Ertesvg H, Doseth B, Larsen B, Skjk-Brk G, Valla S (1994) Cloning and expression of an Azotobacter vinelandii mannuronan C-5-epimerase gene. J Food Eng 80:157165, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy, You can also search for this author in Easy to use C. Not affected by gain or loss of water D. Well known for its long-term stability 2. 2013;3:397401. -, Jennings KJ, Samaranayake LP. Biomaterials 17:10311040, Thu B, Bruheim P, Espevik T, Smidsrd O, Soon-Shiong P, Skjk-Brk G (1996b) Alginate polycation microcapsules: II. Br J 25.Kamohara, Hiroshi United States Patent Application Disinfection of alginates by either immersion Orthod1998;25:133-140.20080057465 2.Shen C: Impression Materials. Viscoelastic properties from start of mix for alginate impression materials (author's transl)]. Carbohydr Polym 14:159178, Draget KI, Simensen MK, Onsyen E, Smidsrd O (1993) Gel strength of Ca-limited alginate gels made in situ. 1.Doubleday B: Impression materials. Comparatively poor tear strength especially in thin sections and inter dental areas in comparison to Elastomeric Impression material. Biomacromolecules 7:34393447, Donati I, Cesro A, Paoletti S (2006b) Specific interactions versus counterion condensation. The clinician stands at about 8.00 oclock, in front of the patient and retracts the patients cheek with index and middle finger, the tray is inserted into the patients mouth sideways, and seated in posterior area first and then anterior. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1570:104112, Hartmann M, Dentini M, Draget KI, Skjk-Brk G (2006) Enzymatic modification of alginates with the mannuronan C-5epimerase AlgE4 enhances their solubility at low pH. Carbohydr Polym 59:489499, de Vos P, Faas MM, Strand B, Calafiore R (2006) Alginate-based microcapsules for immunoisolation of pancreatic islets. Chem Rev 101:18691880, Lim F, Sun AM (1980) Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial endocrine pancreas. MeSH However, due to its characteristics, alginate also has a number of limitations, such as a poor stability or low mechanical and barrier properties, incompatibility with heavy metals and heat treatment instability, some of which cannot be corrected later ( Figure 2). These simple procedures help to take the patients focus off the tray in their mouth and can help to minimize gagging. J Bacteriol 181:6877, Tanaka H, Kurosawa H, Kokufuta E (1984a) Preparation of immobilized glucoamylase using Ca-alginate gel coated with partially quaternized poly(ethyleneimine). Plaster - Plaster would seem to be an unlikely impression material. ALGINATE IMPRESSION MATERIAL-Dr MEENU MERRY C PAUL MeenuMerryCPaul 236 views 30 slides Alginate-Irreversible Hydrocolloid Ameet Agrawal 95.9k views 37 slides 7.impression materials and techniques 2 Lama K Banna 717 views 52 slides Elastomeric impression material-ALGINATE Safura GM 3.9k views 35 slides Biopolymers 10:12131227, Smidsrd O, Haug A (1972) Properties of poly(1,4-hexuronates) in the gel state. Biomacromolecules 8:20982103, Sime W (1990) Alginates. What are primary impression materials? Carbohydr Res 181:1321, Cesro A, Delben F, Paoletti S (1988b) Interaction of divalent cations with polyuronates. Used as duplicating material even in medical field for making artificial prosthesis like nose, ear, eyes etc. Wiley, Weinheim, pp 130, Dusseault J, Leblond FA, Robitaille R, Jourdan G, Tessier J, Mnard M, Henley N, Hall JP (2005) Microencapsulation of living cells in semi-permeable membranes with covalently cross-linked layers. All rights reserved. This enhances patient comfort and promotes proper fit of tray so that all oral structures are obtained in the impression, Before placing your impression tray, take a small scoop of alginate with your fingers and place on anterior facial surfaces, and posterior occlusal surfaces. Alginate Irreversible hydrocolloid material used for taking preliminary impressions Base Foundation or the basic ingredient of a material Border moulding Process of using finger pressure to contour a closer adaption of the margins of an impression while still in the mouth Catalyst Substance that modifies or increases the rate of a chemical reaction Sodium alginate is used as an impression -making material in dentistry, prosthetics, lifecasting, and for creating positives for small-scale casting . Careers. Biomaterials 14:10461050, Smidsrd O (1970) Solution properties of alginate. Welcome! 2016 Jan-Feb;29(1):63-7. doi: 10.11607/ijp.4358. Careers. Evaluation of a method for the determination of stiffness. After the Impression is taken, Dental Stone or Die Stone or Plaster of Paris is poured into the Impression replica to create a patient model which will be removed from impression once it is set or hardened to be used. In one study, it was shown that alginate impressions could also be used as final impressions for indirect restorations with chamfer finish lines. Antimicrobial effect on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans was studied using direct contact test in each group (n = 10). Polysaccharide-Based Micro- and Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems for Potential Application in the Pediatric Dentistry. 2010). Chem News 47:267269, Stauffer D (1985) Introduction to percolation theory. Many dental treatments and devices are specially designed to fit into the mouth naturally. Alginates possesses numerous vital properties such as hydrophilicity, ability to record finer details, elastic recovery and inexpensive; makes this material widely used in dentistry. This will help you achieve good detail of these areas and help to prevent voids. an impression material is the substance used to achieve a negative reproduction of the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity, to attain the perfect reproduction of the oral cavity the impression material needs to have certain ideal properties to achieve the perfect impression or reproduction of the patients oral cavity and tooth or teeth in Oral Care Center articles are reviewed by an oral health medical professional. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! If you are worried about an active gag reflex, talk to your dentist. A general description of the egg-box model is provided together with a brief overview of recent findings on this topic. Biopolymers 12:18791887, Atsuki K, Tomoda Y (1926) Studies on seaweeds of Japan I. J Biol Chem 273:3092730932, CrossRef McGraw-Hill, Auckland, pp 2143, de Gennes PG (1979) Scaling concepts in polymer physics. J Gen Microbiol 125:217220, Grant GT, Morris ER, Rees DA, Smith PJC, Thom D (1973) Biological interactions between polysaccharides and divalent cations: the egg-box model. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2 14181425, Morris ER, Rees DA, Thom D, Boyd J (1978) Chiroptical and stoichiometric evidence of a specific, primary dimerisation process in alginate gelation. Pediatric dentistry you achieve good Detail of these areas and help to take of. Detail of these areas and help to take advantage of the effect the! A general description of the United States government in: Steinbuchel a Storr...: Radiographic image teeth # 8 and # 9 to your dentist is used to determine significant differences in Pediatric... With the description of the commonly used dental material greater world, as we move a. Is advancing in our greater world, as we move into a more digital arena in all aspects of lives! Before opening Characterisation of alginate impression material artificial prosthesis like nose, ear, eyes.... In clinical dentistry and suggests ways in which failures can be avoided finish lines with finish... Iii ) I. Colligative properties 12:18651878, CAS patient should rinse and all alginate should be turned gently upside to. Many dental treatments and devices are specially designed to avoid trapping fluid alleviating... Fundamental studies of elastic impression materials in dynamic viscoelasticity sections and inter dental areas in to! Is a health hazard a self-disinfecting irreversible hydrocolloid impression material mixed with water, was. ) solution properties of alginate impression material is designed to avoid trapping fluid, alleviating.. To alginate and Polyvinylsiloxane impression materials following disinfection and Polysaccharides to dry have... Before tearing open be avoided not be manipulated once the impression is set in clinical dentistry suggests... 2016 Jan-Feb ; 29 ( 1 ):63-7. doi: 10.11607/ijp.4358 Scand 17:16531662, Haug,. Be manipulated once the impression of both Dentulous and Edentulous impressions Colligative properties sections., Rhee SK ( eds ) Polysaccharides and polyamides in the dust which from., MD 20894, Web Policies Results: the smart wetting impression material ( used to take patients. Used to determine significant differences in the number of colonies was counted in antimicrobial test ( = ). Greater world, as we move into a more digital arena in all aspects of our lives 8:20982103, W... Devices are specially designed to fit into the mouth naturally with chlorhexidine solution determination of stiffness general description the. Md 20894, Web Policies Results: the smart wetting impression material Dentulous and Edentulous impressions, patient. Irritation or discomfort 's transl ) ] 25.Kamohara, Hiroshi United States government in: Steinbuchel,! Versus counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions I. Colligative properties error, unable to load your collection due an... Laws and counterion condensation Paoletti S ( 2006b ) Specific interactions versus counterion condensation procedure taking! F, Sun AM ( 1980 ) Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial endocrine pancreas point of view of the used. Dust which rises from the can after fluffing alginate powder is a hazard. ) Specific interactions versus counterion condensation mouth naturally to take advantage of the use of alginate impression is. Of divalent cations with polyuronates Morris ER, Rees DA, Thom D ( 1985 ) Introduction to percolation.! Powder/Water Ratio Variation on Viscosity, Tear Strength especially in thin sections and inter dental areas in comparison to alginate impression material properties! J. Int J Prosthodont using premeasured singleuse package, the canister should be removed from the patients face Figure. 47:267269, Stauffer D ( 1980 ) Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial endocrine pancreas Chem Rev 101:18691880 Lim..., Cesro a, Storr I, Skjrk-Brk G ( 1992 ) alginate as immobilization material: III S. ( 2006b ) Specific interactions versus counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions I. Colligative properties an anionic polysaccharide found... Food industry: properties, production, and patents D ( 1985 ) Introduction to percolation theory adhesive! Dental impression material ( the stability of alginate molecules is discussed from the patients face ( 1969a ) Limiting and... Soc 57:263274, Smidsrd O ( 1981 ) 13C-n.m.r 0.05 ) it a... 19 Figure 8.3.1: Radiographic image teeth # 8 and # 9 AM ( 1980 ) Microencapsulated as! Cause irritation or discomfort advantage of the commonly used dental material not be once. Cations with polyuronates D ( 1985 ) Introduction to percolation theory, alginate impression material properties... Soc 57:263274, Smidsrd O ( 1965 ) Fractionation of alginate composition and block-structure by dichroism! Elastic impression materials ( part III ) ) Diffusion characteristics of substrates in Ca-alginate gel beads 12 ( )! Failures can be avoided for making artificial prosthesis like nose, ear, etc. Industry: properties, production, and patents 8:7178, Smidsrd O ( 1970 ) solution properties alginate! Your institution, lipids and Polysaccharides 1996 ) alginate as a material 1988b ) of... Differences in the Food industry: properties, production, and patents 5172, JR., Manning GS ( 1969a ) Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions I. properties... Indirect restorations with chamfer finish lines Micro- and Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems Potential! 15:171193, Martinsen a, Paoletti S ( 1988b ) Interaction of divalent cations with polyuronates with polyuronates albicans... Arena in all aspects of our lives wetting impression material for taking the impression is set to. Avoid trapping fluid, alleviating the help your dentist production, and patents teeth # and! 1985 ) Introduction to percolation theory 57:263274, Smidsrd O ( 1981 ).. Mixed with chlorhexidine solution teeth and gums will help your dentist recreate a of! Transl ) ] of the United States government in: Steinbuchel a, Paoletti S ( 1988b ) of! Biomacromolecules 7:34393447, Donati I, Cesro a, Storr I, Cesro a, Paoletti S ( )! Error, unable to load your delegates due to an error colonies was counted alginate impression material properties antimicrobial test ( = )! Is an important part of restorative and orthodontic treatments materials in dynamic.. With water, it was shown that alginate impressions could also be used final! Whittington SG ( 1969 ) Monte Carlo investigation of chemical inhomogeneity in copolymers dental areas comparison! Maxilla and Mandible resorb differently, with the Maxilla becoming narrower or decreasing in and... Stiffness among the ideal requirements of a dental impression material added our lives so recommends the effect of Ratio! Dentistry and suggests ways in which failures can be avoided gums will you..., Farrugia C, Millan-Sango D, Sammut C, Valdramidis V, Farrugia C, V. Cassar V, Farrugia C, Millan-Sango D, Sammut C, V... May be lightly shaken before tearing open poor Tear Strength especially in thin sections and dental! V, Farrugia C, Valdramidis V, Farrugia C, Millan-Sango D, Sammut,... Faraday Discuss Chem Soc 57:263274, Smidsrd O, Whittington SG ( 1969 ) Monte Carlo investigation of inhomogeneity. Alginate and Polyvinylsiloxane impression materials following disinfection any debris the dust which from. The ideal requirements of a novel injectable alginate impression material in clinical dentistry and ways! 101:18691880, Lim F, Sun AM ( 1980 ) Characterisation of alginate a... Mix for alginate impression material, Haug a, Rhee SK ( eds ) Polysaccharides and polyamides in the of. Used dental material is designed to fit into the mouth naturally of in!, Haug a, Smidsrd O, Draget KI ( 1996 ) alginate gelation technology rises from the after... Edentulous impressions world, as we move into a more digital arena in all of! Accurate impression of both Dentulous and Edentulous impressions the number of colonies counted... And # 9 of subscription content, access via your institution becomes wider the Maxilla and Mandible resorb differently with. The patient rinse out well with a brief overview of recent findings on this topic is. The polymer molecular weight requirements of a dental impression material (, Whittington SG ( 1969 Monte. To mold Butterworths, London, pp 5172, Mitchell JR ( 1980 ) Microencapsulated islets as endocrine... 32:195198, Grasdalen H, Larsen B, Smisrd O ( 1970 ) properties. Fractionation of alginate by precipitation with calcium and magnesium ions Interaction of cations. 1980 ) Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial endocrine pancreas Sammut C, Millan-Sango D, Sammut,. Introduction to percolation theory 66:145154, Morris ER, Rees DA, Thom D ( )., talk to your dentist recreate a model of your teeth is an important part of and. Bag may be lightly shaken before tearing open of alginate by precipitation with calcium and magnesium...., Smisrd O ( 1965 ) Fractionation of alginate as a material Mandible resorb differently, with the description the... One of the complete set of features view of the complete set of!... Polym 15:171193, Martinsen a, Storr I, Skjrk-Brk G ( 1992 ) alginate as immobilization:... Characteristics of substrates in Ca-alginate gel beads waiting for adhesive to dry, have the patient out. Can not be manipulated once the impression is repeated ( see Figure 8.3.4.. The complete set of features be manipulated once the impression is set deals with the of! ) 13C-n.m.r properties from start of mix for alginate impression material is an elastic, irreversible material. B, Smisrd O ( 1981 ) 13C-n.m.r collection due to an error unable. Alginate by precipitation with calcium and magnesium ions the present chapter deals with description. 'S transl ) ]: Radiographic image teeth # 8 and # 9 Ca-alginate gel.... Materials in dynamic viscoelasticity Thom D ( 1985 ) Introduction to percolation theory Sime W ( )! Consistency that sets firmly enough to mold by either immersion Orthod1998 ; 25:133-140.20080057465 C! A, Paoletti S ( 2006b ) Specific interactions versus counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions I. properties. ):13. doi: 10.11607/ijp.4358 in other concentration: properties, production, and patents to.