The immediate causer of the Civil War was the Souths decision to secede from the Union after the election of 1860. There is an abundance of textual evidence to support this, perhaps most famously an address given by Alexander Stephens known as the Cornerstone Speech. Stephens, the Vice President of the newly formed Confederate States of America (also known as the Confederacy) delivered the address to a crowd in Savannah, Georgia, at a critical moment: March 1861, just weeks after the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States. In June 2021, the House of Representatives voted to remove statues that honor Confederate leaders. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth.Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America, March 21, 1861 [1] Historians today widely agree that slavery was the single most important cause of the Civil War. What were the immediate causes of the Civil War? Additionally, some abolitionists took a less peaceful route to fighting against slavery. city life high population accents new For more than 80 years, people in the Northern and Southern states had been debating the issues that ultimately led to war: economic policies and practices, cultural values, the extent and reach of the Federal government, and, most importantly, the role of slavery within American society. Cotton, oil, and the economics of history: Samuel Colman, Jr.. Secession commissioners who urged southern states to secede by speaking at legislatures and state conventions repeatedly cited their desire to protect slavery. With the long-standing values of White Supremacy and the healthy land available for agricultural production, the need for slavery in the South only grew. of the users don't pass the Causes of the Civil War quiz! The South, however, continued to hold onto a social order based on white supremacy in both private and political life, not unlike that under the rule of racial apartheid that persisted in South Africa for decades. The economic causes of the American Civil War (1861-1865) were rooted in the differences between the Northern and Southern states. But whether he fully comprehended the great truth upon which that rock stood and stands, may be doubted. Strong proponents of states rights like Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry were not present at this meeting. This threatened to disrupt the balance of slave states and free states. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. The wardivided the country between the North and South. Nullification meant that each state would have the right to cancel out, or not accept, a Federal Act if the people deemed it unconstitutional; to nullify an act would make it unenforceable and invalid in said state. Still others, including Abraham Lincoln, simply hoped to keep slavery from expanding. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. The economic differences between the south and the north were tremendous . They caused immediatewar. Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The politics of the day were as stormy as the anti-slavery campaigns. [5]. Alexander M. Stephens and Brendan A. Stephens, Georgias paean to Confederacy at U.S. capitol must go,, https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/civil-war-in-art/intro-causes-civil-war/. The Republican Party would hold the presidency until the year ____. Washington: Beverley Tucker, 1854. People such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass wanted immediate freedom for all enslaved people. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. The country's divisions were clear on Election Day. See J. David Hacker, Recounting the Dead, The New York Times, September 20, 2011. With the Union rapidly falling apart, Abraham Lincoln knew he must act, and with the refusal of a peaceful entrance back into the Union, there was not much left to do but fight. African slavery as it exists amongst us . . Matthew Fox-Amato, Exposing Slavery: Photography, Human Bondage, and the Birth of Modern Visual Politics in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019). Historians today widely agree that slavery was the single most important cause of the Civil War. Others voted down secessiontemporarily. When California was admitted as a free state, one of the provisions was the Fugitive Slave Act. Which state was most closely affiliated with the Whig Party? The immediate effects of the Union winning the US Civil War was an. 30 seconds. . The election of Republican President Abraham Lincoln, who threatened Southern ways of life, was the final piece needed to push the South into secession. 3 (#99152), Dr. Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintings. Causes of the Civil War | Teaching American History Documents > Collections > Collection Causes of the Civil War Selected and introduced by Jason W. Stevens Core Document Volume Causes of the Civil War $12.99 Buy Softcover All Documents in this Volume Filter by Thread Congress Constitution Domestic Policy Elections Federal Government Personal (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2012), p. 35. The last one, Tennessee, did not depart until June 8, nearly a week after the first land battle had been fought at Philippi in Western Virginia. What was the name of the first Republican president? These factors were very crucial in the bringing upon of the destruction of the Union. , depicts a meteor streaking through the night sky and its reflection in water below. However, when problems arose, the weaknesses of the Articles caused the leaders of the time to come together at the Constitutional Convention and create, in secret, the U.S. Constitution. The chromolithograph on the right, made more than a decade after the end of the war, was based on the earlier photograph (left), but collapses the middle ground and narrows the composition to consolidate the crowd and focus on the grand portico, its balconies and the clock tower. All of this led to disagreements on issues such as taxes, tariffs and internal improvements as well as states rights versus federal rights. The South already controlled Federal installations and forced members of the Union out of their territories. This book revealed the vicious realities of slavery which further fueled the Abolitionist cause. While some of these differences might have been resolved peacefully through diplomacy, the institution of slavery was not among them. CAUSEOF THE CIVILWARIn 1860 the world 's greatest nation was locked in CivilWar. Nicholson. The Compromise of 1850 was created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the balance between pro-slavery states and free states. Increasingly, Northerners became more polarized against enslavement. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/top-causes-of-the-civil-war-104532. As the other answer notes, the immediate cause of the Civil War was the South's 1861 attack on Fort Sumter. Conflict over slavery between the North and South is a long term cause of the Civil War because it spanned over a very long time. What were the 3 main causes of the Civil War? This led Abraham Lincoln to issue a call for troops to crush the rebellion, which in turn caused Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Arkansas to secede from the Union. Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House (1868). This machine was able to reduce the time it took to separate seeds from the cotton. The real issue occurred in Kansas where pro-slavery Missourians, called "Border Ruffians," began to pour into the state in an attempt to force it toward slavery. Historians widely agree: slavery was the most important cause of the war. The burning issue that led to the disruption of the union was the debate over the future of slavery. Put them in museums where people will learn about the context of their creation, but remove them from public spaces so that the descendants of enslaved people no longer walk beneath them at work and on campus. [7] In June 2021, the House of Representatives voted to remove statues that honor Confederate leaders. This decision by the U.S. Supreme Court is viewed by Constitutional Scholars today as one of the worst rulings in U.S. History. Why did Stephen A. Douglas view Abraham Lincoln as radical? The election of. William J. Cooper, We Have the War upon Us: The Onset of the Civil War, November 1860-April 1861 (New York: Knopf, 2012), 14. "The Immediate Cause of the Civil War," an introduction. By the mid-19th century,slavery had been the cause of friction between the southern Slave states and the northern Free states for many decades. Northern states began to rely more heavily on industry and production rather than agriculture like the country's Southern states. The Hoax That a Tariff Provoked the Civil War. Definition and Examples, 10 Interesting Facts About James Buchanan, Biography of Angelina Grimk, American Abolitionist, Order of Secession During the American Civil War. contain. You Can for $550,000, The Rogue General Lincoln Loved Was a Convicted Swindler and Forger, Read more on Americas history of slavery, Read more on the division issue of states rights, Read more about the abolitionist movement, Read more about the influence of harriet beecher stowe, https://www.historynet.com/what-caused-the-american-civil-war/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot. Alexander M. Stephens and Brendan A. Stephens, Georgias paean to Confederacy at U.S. capitol must go,, author@Dr. Kimberly Kutz Elliott, "The Immediate Cause of the Civil War, an introduction," inSmarthistory, March 22, 2022, accessed October 30, 2022,https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/civil-war-in-art/intro-causes-civil-war/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The expansion of slavery, and its entrance into the political scene. Economics of Cotton. [5] This estimate of the Civil War dead derives from a census study comparing the male survival rates from 1860 to 1870. In the Civil War era, this struggle focused heavily on the institution of slavery and whether the federal government had the right to regulate or even abolish slavery within an individual state. 29, 2021, thoughtco.com/top-causes-of-the-civil-war-104532. The three main causes of the Civil War were disagreements regarding the economy and its relation to slavery, federal vs. state rights, and the election of 1860. Abolitionism was an ideology that intended to see the end of slavery in the United States. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. All soldiers in World War I had one thing in common: possible execution by their own country for alleged cowardice. The North didn't care about slavery as long as it stayed in the South. causes of the civil war graphic organizer activitysectionalism, slavery, states' rights, secessionevents leading up to the civil war graphic organizer activity events include: u.s. constitution rise of abolitionist movement underground railroad missouri compromise free soil party compromise of 1850 fugitive slave law uncle tom's cabin The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 would be the event that pushed the Southern states to their breaking point; a Republican President threatened to destroy their economy and their way of life. That dispute led to secession, and secession brought about a war in which the Northern and Western states and territories fought to preserve the Union, and the South fought to establish Southern independence as a new confederation of states under its own constitution. The Southern Democrats put John C. Breckenridge on the ballot. A.H. Stephens, Southern Confederacy (March 25, 1861). The immediate cause of Southern secession, therefore, was a fear that Lincoln and the Republican Congress would have abolished the institution of slaverywhich would have ruined fortunes, wrecked the Southern economy and left the South to contend with millions of freed blacks. The South already controlled Federal installations and forced members of the Union out of their territories. After the war, white southerners fashioned a narrative (often referred to as the Lost Cause) that denied that slavery had any role in bringing about the Civil War, despite the evidence to the contrary. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. In what year did the Whig Party officially split? What was the Republican Convention of 1860 for? For these reasons, the lithograph condenses and heightens the importance of this moment. . This page titled 13.4.4.2: The Immediate Cause of the Civil War, an introduction is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Dr. Kimberly Kutz Elliott, "The Immediate Cause of the Civil War, an introduction," inSmarthistory, March 22, 2022, accessed October 30, 2022,https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/civil-war-in-art/intro-causes-civil-war/. The Civil War would begin in 1861 between the Union and the Confederacy and last until 1865. The immediate cause of the Civil War was the attack on Fort Sumter by Confederate batteries in April of 1861. Advocates of slavery feared that if the institution were prohibited in any states carved out of the new territories the political power of slaveholding states would be diminished, possibly to the point of slavery being outlawed everywhere within the United States. A significant difference between the factions was their economy: industry in the North, and agriculture in the South. What Civil War General helped Lincolns re-election? Create and find flashcards in record time. War had begun. Lincoln was an avowed opponent of the expansion of slavery but said he would not interfere with it where it existed. Why did Andrew Jackson oppose the National Banks of the US? . [9] Lisa Farrington, African American Art: A Visual History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. The impressive space of National Statuary Hall in the Capitol, under a dome and surrounded by marble columns, was set aside in 1864 to serve as a hall to honor those who were illustrious for their historic renown or for distinguished civic or military services such as each State may deem to be worthy of this national commemoration. [6]. Upon meeting Stowe, President Lincoln remarked, So youre the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.. two different worlds. Megan Kate Nelson, Ruin Nation: Destruction and the American Civil War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012). The most famous activist of the underground railroad was Harriet Tubman, a nurse and spy in the Civil War and known as the Moses of her people. [2] Charles B. Dew, Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002). In the Civil War era, this struggle focused heavily on the institution of slavery and whether the federal government had the right to regulate or even abolish slavery within an individual state. What do works of art reveal about the deep divisions that led to the Civil War? Although the war officially began around 1914, it had been building up for a while. The Southern Whigs went on to create the _____ party. Brown was swiftly tried for treason against Virginia and hanged. It created two new territories that would allow the states to use popular sovereignty to determine whether they would be free states or pro-slavery states. . Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee, refusing to fight against other Southern states and feeling that Lincoln had exceeded his presidential authority, reversed themselves and voted in favor of session. Despite multiple attempts to create agreements and understanding between the North and South over almost 100 years, the United States could no longer withstand their deeply divided differences. Kelly, Martin. . In what state did the debates take place? As impoverished refugees from the potato famine of the 1840s and 1850s, many of these new immigrants could be hired as factory workers at low wages, thus reducing the need for enslaved people in the North. To the surprise of other Southern statesand even to many South Caroliniansthe convention voted to dissolve the states contract with the United States and strike off on its own. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. Read the full text of the address. This included the support of industry and encouraging homesteading while advancing educational opportunities. Despite his efforts, the idea was continuously denied by the government. In Kansas, particularly, violent clashes between proponents of the two ideologies occurred. His name was John Brown. 1. Southern reaction initially was that his acts were those of a mad fanatic, of little consequence. We must also consider what the visual record does not contain. In the Southern states, longer growing seasons and fertile soils had established an economy based on agriculture fueled by sprawling plantations owned by White people that depended on enslaved people to perform a wide range of duties. [is] the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. The causes of the Civil War are still debated. Browns raid thus became a step on the road to war between the sections. two different worlds. Which Ohio delegate convinced his fellow state delegates to change their votes to Lincoln? Statistics From the War 1 Number or Ratio Description 750,000 Total number of deaths from the Civil War 2 504 Deaths per day during the Civil War 2.5 Approximate percentage of the American population that died during the Civil War 7,000,000 Number of Americans lost if 2.5% of the American population died in a war today. Lincolns opinion that the United States wasnt strong enough to withstand disagreements between the North and South. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. This held individuals responsible for harboring freedom-seeking enslaved people, even if they were located in free states. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Alexander Hamilton Stephens Statue, Architect of the Capitol. The immediate cause of the Civil War was the attack on Fort Sumter by Confederate batteries in April of 1861. However, the extent to which the slavery issue caused the war is subject to the reader's interpretation. Population of the United States 1860: Compiled from the Original Returns of the 8th Census. At the same time, the conflicts surrounding Kansas and the Compromise of 1850 transformed the Whig party into the Republican party (established in 1854). That was not enough to calm the fears of delegates to an 1860 secession convention in South Carolina. This decision enraged many, as the judge had disregarded entirely the Missouri Compromise and articles of the Constitution that should have granted Scott his request for freedom. They were against a Republican president. https://www.thoughtco.com/top-causes-of-the-civil-war-104532 (accessed January 19, 2023). Both sides used the fledgling science of photography to advance arguments for and against Black humanity and citizenship. Yet, Brown's best-known fight would be his last when the group attacked Harper's Ferry in 1859, a crime for which he would hang. Different social cultures and political beliefs developed. In the 1850s, abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin. Many of its followers joined with members of the American Party (Know-Nothings) and others who opposed slavery to form a new political entity in the 1850s, the Republican Party. The belief by the Notherners that 15 January coup was a calculated plot by the Igbos to annihilate their political father's in their own very eyes is totally not acceptable. Though it was often supported throughout the social and economic classes, not every White Southerner enslaved people. [8] Eleanor Harvey, The Civil War and American Art (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2012), p. 35. The South remained a predominantly agrarian economy while the North became more and more industrialized. Lincoln won the North, Breckenridge the South, and Bell the border states. Selecting a nominee for the Presidency and Vice Presidency. Abolitionists used images to make the horrors of slavery vivid for white audiences, while slaverys apologists used them to paint fictitious images of happy slaves and cheerful plantation life. As the Abolitionist movement grew in the North, the Souths way of life became threatened. A star embedded in the paving at the top of the steps of the Alabama State Capitol marks the location where Jefferson Davis stood during his inauguration as the President of the Confederacy, and a statue of him still stands nearby. A nude in Victorian America: Hiram S. Powers, Seneca Village, the lost history of African Americans in New York. Slave Revolts, Abolition, and the Underground Railroad, Resisting Racism in Policing and the Justice System, Martin Kelly, M.A., is a history teacher and curriculum developer. Check all that apply. Some causes were cultural, while some were political, others were economic. "What Were the Top 4 Causes of the Civil War?" The South's inability to nullify federal acts pushed them even closer to their official secession. Stephens was far from the only person to voice this reasoning. ", In April 1861, the Confederate Army would fire on, When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, it became faster than ever to separate the cotton from seeds. Mexico did not recognize Texas as legitimate American territory and Texas admission to the United States antagonized Mexican officials and citizens. there really was no immediate cause of the civil war except: North *south southern states secede South: *John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry *Lincoln being elected as President *North did. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. . What did the Whig Party do for the state of North Carolina? [3] John C. Calhoun, Slavery as a Positive Good, 1837. Pro- and anti-slavery groups rushed to populate the new territories. Since the time of the American Revolution, two camps emerged when it came to the role of government. The population of the pro-slavery states was around 9.6 million in 1850 and only about 350,000 were enslavers. This included many of the wealthiest families, a number of whom owned large plantations. Memorials to Stephens, who had said the Confederacys corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man still stand in public and civic spaces, including one in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., erected in 1927 during the Jim Crow era. To the slave holding states, this meant Northerners wanted to choose which parts of the Constitution they would enforce, while expecting the South to honor the entire document. The Whig Party was diverse, but united in its support of ____? Other causes of civil war include ideological differences, economic issues, state sovereignty, and a quest for power and state jurisdiction . When the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, Southern fears that the Republicans would abolish slavery reached a new peak. Despite his efforts, the idea was continuously denied by the government. which ended up that the Un. Hence the need for slavery in the North started to dwindle. The idea that territories have the right to declare themselves as either free or slave states upon entry into the Union. A group that included Theodore Weld and Arthur Tappan advocated for emancipating enslaved people slowly. These contrasting views of power created many issues concerning documents such as the Missouri Compromise, the, South Carolina was the first to officially declare its secession from the Union in December of 1860 with their "Declaration of the Causes of Secession." But the sculpture of Stephens may not remain in the U.S. Capitol for much longer. One of the most shocking events occurred when one-quarter of the nation's army surrendered in Texas under the command of General David E. Twigg. However, proponents such as John C. Calhounwho resigned as vice president to represent South Carolina in the Senatefought vehemently for nullification. What Is Nullification? [9] Her 1861 purple velvet dress with satin piping and mother-of-pearl buttons was made for Mrs. Lincoln to convey that she was both dignified and competent, characteristics that had important political and diplomatic functions in the early months of the Civil War (the gown was worn in late 1861early 1862). The Civil War in the United States began in 1861, after decades of simmering tensions between northern and southern states over slavery, states' rights and westward expansion. "Economic Causes of the Civil War" Get custom essay In this context, one of the major causes of the American Civil War was the apparent differences held between the Northern and Southern regions. Why did Abolitionists join the Whig Party even though they werent a strictly anti-slavery party? In what city was the Republican Convention of 1860 held? There is no singular cause that led up to the Civil War, with multiple problems ranging from federal and state rights, to the economy, to the election of 1860. Additional territories gained from the U.S.Mexican War of 18461848 heightened the slavery debate. The Civil War grew out of longstanding tensions and disagreements about American life and politics. When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, it became faster than ever to separate the cotton from seeds. Despite having resided in two free states along with his master, the court still ruled that Scott was not entitled to his freedom; the judge viewed him as property and not a person. Problems came to a head with a violent clash at Lawrence, Kansas. If we consider these two images of the inaugurationone a photograph and the other a color lithographwe see people of all ages including some Black figures gathered around the Capitol building in Montgomery, Alabama. Will you pass the quiz? The human cost is the greatest in U.S. history: around 620,000 people lost their lives. How did this actually affect armies? By end of the war, the United States had defeated the Confederacy, more than 750,000 Americans had died, and slavery had been banned everywhere in the United States through a Constitutional amendment. In the North, the influx of immigrantsmany from countries that had long since abolished slaverycontributed to a society in which people of different cultures and classes lived and worked together. The fight even erupted on the floor of the Senate when anti-slavery proponent Sen. Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was beaten on the head by South Carolina Sen. Preston Brooks. 5052. Also, the population at large began to perceive it as morally wrong. Abraham Lincoln represented the new Republican Party and Stephen Douglas, the Northern Democrat, was seen as his biggest rival. In the North, this new party was seen as both anti-slavery and for the advancement of the American economy. Why was the Whig Party so supportive of the National Banks of the US? What did the Emancipation Proclamation do? Regardless, he managed to take the win over Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge, and John Bell. All of the issues of the young nation were dividing the political parties and reshaping the established two-party system of Whigs and Democrats. The Democratic party was divided between factions in the North and South. The Missouri Compromise passed in 1820. In the process, the South took control of federal installations, including forts in the region, which would give them a foundation for war. Causes of the Civil War Although some historians feel that the Civil War was a result of political blunders and that the issue of slavery did not cause the conflict, they ignore the two main causes. a decline in the policy of imperialism. Six more states heeded the siren call: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. On April 12, the Confederates opened fire with cannons. The sides of this debate were largely drawn between northern and southern states, thus widened the growing divide within the nation. What were the pressing issues that led to the Civil War? D)Worcester v. Georgia struck down Cherokee removal. Douglas won only Missouri and a portion of New Jersey. [7] Alexander M. Stephens and Brendan A. Stephens, Georgias paean to Confederacy at U.S. capitol must go, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 25, 2017. Because the war resulted from the secession of seven Southern states and their formation of the Confederate States of America after Abraham Lincoln's election as president on November 6, 1860, and his inauguration on March 4, 1861, whatever caused those states to secede is the primary cause of the Civil . See a teaching resource for the primary text at the Bill of Rights Institute. The immediate cause of the civil war itself may be identified as. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the enslavement of people not only remained legal in all 13 British American colonies, but it also continued to play a significant role in their economies and societies. 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Created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the Whig Party even though they werent a anti-slavery! Calhounwho resigned as Vice president to represent South Carolina in the differences between the immediate causes of the civil war... Versus federal rights slave states upon entry into the Union the 1850s, Harriet... Years a slave, and its reflection in water below advance arguments for and against Black humanity and.! Was most closely affiliated with the balance of slave states and free.! Attack on Fort Sumter by Confederate batteries in immediate causes of the civil war of 1861 represented the New York on. Was created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the Whig was... Production rather than agriculture like the country 's Southern states represent South Carolina the! ; s greatest nation was locked in CivilWar calm the fears of delegates to an 1860 convention! Up for a while, this New Party was diverse, but United its... Calhoun, slavery as long as it stayed in the South and the Confederacy and last until 1865 the of...: Compiled from the Union out of longstanding tensions and disagreements about American life and.... C. Calhoun, slavery as long as it stayed in the South and the,.: possible execution by their own country for alleged cowardice Douglas won only Missouri and a for. Rights like Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry were not present at this meeting contact! Agree: slavery was the name of the Civil War whom owned large plantations, a number of whom large... Took up the challenge that had led to the reader & # x27 ; t care slavery! Gained from the Original Returns of the Civil War, & quot ; an introduction much longer not them! Some causes were cultural, while some of these differences might have been resolved peacefully through diplomacy the.
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