[25] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago. [70] Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. [citation needed], According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. [376], Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget. [532], The history of Russian architecture begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the church architecture of Kievan Rus'. [254] The federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects. [557] Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms. [52], In Azerbaijan, Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. [61] The Russian Bear and Mother Russia are often used as national personifications of the country. [73] In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Alexis; whose acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War. [617], Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as The Battleship Potemkin, which was named the greatest film of all time at the Brussels World's Fair in 1958. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. [216] The lowest point in Russia and Europe, is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the Caspian Depression reaches some 29 metres (95.1ft) below sea level. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. .: , 2003. [581] Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. [648][649] However, Russia has also had 43 Olympic medals stripped from its athletes due to doping violations, which is the most of any country, and nearly a third of the global total.[650]. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer. The punctuation, originally based on Byzantine Greek, was in the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the French and German models. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [214][215] The Ural Mountains, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia. [276][277] Relations between Russia and China have significantly strengthened bilaterally and economically; due to shared political interests. [426], Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling megacity. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. [28], The first trace of an early modern human in Russia dates back to 45,000 years, in Western Siberia. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Russian grammar encompasses: The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one but continues to preserve characteristic forms. [64], In development of the Third Rome ideas, the grand duke IvanIV ("the Terrible") was officially crowned the first tsar of Russia in 1547. [219][220] The Diomede Islands, administered by Russia and the United States, are just 3.8km (2.4mi) apart;[221] and Kunashir Island of the Kuril Islands is merely 20km (12.4mi) from Hokkaido, Japan. [503] In 1969, Vladimir Motyl's White Sun of the Desert was released, a very popular film in a genre of ostern; the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space. [176] Terrorist attacks against civilians were carried out by Chechen separatists, claiming the lives of thousands of Russian civilians. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for global ideological influence; the Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. [488], The principle cause of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases. [478], Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:[474] first-degree courses usually take five years. [51] 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language (. Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure, although considerable leveling has occurred. [369] Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are the world's fourth-largest. "Did you eat the cookie?) It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. . ", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Nikolay BasovNobel Prize for Lasers and Masers", Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, "Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science", "Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, "Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 18 December 1975", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, "The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow", Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, United States Government Publishing Office, "Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero", "The First Earthlings Around the Moon Were Two Soviet Tortoises", "Soft Landing of Venera 7 on the Venus Surface and Preliminary Results of Investigations of the Venus Atmosphere", 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0263:SLOVOT>2.0.CO;2, "50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station", "Russian Federation Contribution of travel and tourism to GDP (% of GDP), 19952019", "48 hours in . [119] The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought,[120] led to the Soviet famine of 19321933; which killed up to 8.7 million, 3.3 million of them in the Russian SFSR. [citation needed]. AlexanderII was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists. [164], The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. [75], Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. [109] Millions became White migrs,[110] and the Russian famine of 19211922 claimed up to fivemillion victims. [520] Cosmonautics Day on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space. [7][8][9] It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. [78], CatherineII ("the Great"), who ruled in 17621796, presided over the Russian Age of Enlightenment. . . This strengthened dialectal differences and for centuries prevented the establishment of any standardized "national" language. This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 09:02. [159], By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. [600] Beef Stroganoff,[601]:266 Chicken Kiev,[601]:320 pelmeni,[602] and shashlyk are popular meat dishes. [410]:67,333, In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. [489] Obesity is a prevalent health issue in Russia; 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese in 2016. Russian (Russian: , romanized:russkiy yazyk, Russian:[ruskj jzk]) is an East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. [291] Russia maintains the world's fourth-highest military expenditure, spending $61.7 billion in 2020. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." They are the [citation needed], In addition to the modern Russian alphabet, Unicode (and thus UTF-8) encodes the Early Cyrillic alphabet (which is very similar to the Greek alphabet), and all other Slavic and non-Slavic but Cyrillic-based alphabets. The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly Russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. This article incorporates text from a free content work. [61] During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga,[65] and the Khanate of Sibir in southwestern Siberia. [362] Russia is also the world's leading natural gas exporter,[363] the second-largest natural gas producer,[364] and the second-largest oil producer and exporter. . [287][288] It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 1827 to be drafted for a year of service in the Armed Forces. [428] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. [238], Russia, by constitution, is an asymmetric federal republic,[239] with a semi-presidential system, wherein the president is the head of state,[240] and the prime minister is the head of government. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. 1. [131]:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. [479] There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. Russia has also sought to increase its influence in the Middle East, most significantly through military intervention in the Syrian civil war. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. [44] Galicia-Volhynia in the southwest would inherit the territory of Kiev and be absorbed by Lithuania and Poland in the mid-fourteenth century, the Novgorod Republic prospered in the north, and on the northeastern periphery Vladimir-Suzdal established traditions under Mongol vassalage that would form the autocratic Russian state. The Russian Academy's first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared in 1783. [538] Under Alexander I, Empire style became the de facto architectural style. [28] It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, and the world's eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. [183] Putin won a second presidential term in 2004. . [643] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. International rankings of Russia place it low in measurements of human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. [565] By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, with works from Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Nikolay Karamzin. [624][625] In 196168 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. [373] Russia was also the world's fourth-largest nuclear energy producer in 2019,[374] and was the fifth-largest hydroelectric producer in 2021. [556], During the Soviet era, popular music also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two balladeersVladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava,[548] and performers such as Alla Pugacheva. [231] About half of Russia's territory is forested,[7] and it has the world's largest area of forest,[232] which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of carbon dioxide. ", "Article 68. 44,000 entries lexically grouped; attempt to catalogue the full vernacular language. [84][85] Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [79] In Nikolaevsk, Alaska, Russian is more spoken than English. The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. [382] Owing to its large coastline along three oceans and twelve marginal seas, Russia maintains the world's sixth-largest fishing industry; capturing nearly 5 million tons of fish in 2018. Here's what it was like spending 50 hours on the longest train line in the world", "Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific", "Statistical Review of World Energy 69th edition", "Energy Fact Sheet: Why does Russian oil and gas matter? [343] High regional disparity is also an issue. [138] The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen, which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. Old New Year is celebrated on 14 January. Available for over a year. [273][274], In the 21st century Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing regional dominance and international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. The number of listed words or entries in some of the major dictionaries published during the past two centuries, are as follows:[95][96], The history of the Russian language may be divided into the following periods:[97], Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. Smetana (a heavy sour cream) and mayonnaise are often added to soups and salads. [272] Russia wields influence across the geopolitically important South Caucasus and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard". [18] This state is denoted as Kievan Rus' after its capital city by modern historiography. [35] In the 19th century (in Russia until 1917), the language was often called "Great Russian" to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called "White Russian" and Ukrainian, then called "Little Russian". Source: Energoatom, Ukraine's state company that runs all nuclear power plants in this country Quote: "The Russian invaders in the satellite city WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which the pan-European Grande Arme faced utter destruction. Russia's vast coastline along the Arctic Ocean and the Russian Arctic islands have a polar climate. Russia (Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij]), or the Russian Federation,[c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [46], By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. [5] Many Russians practise other religions, including Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism),[462] Assianism (Scythian Neopaganism),[463] other ethnic Paganisms, and inter-Pagan movements such as Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism,[464] various movements of Hinduism,[465] Siberian shamanism[466] and Tengrism, various Neo-Theosophical movements such as Roerichism, and other faiths. The Russian perspective. Russian nouns each have a gender either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the word. 2010 . Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. The Havana State University has started a bachelor's specialization called the Russian Language and the Second Foreign Language. ", "Russia and Ukraine Fight, But Their People Seek Reconciliation", " ", "The North Caucasus Bilingualism and Language Identity", Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, "Linguistic rights and education in the republics of the Russian Federation: towards unity through uniformity", "Linguistic Diversity In Russia Is A Threat To Sovereignty Or A Condition Of Cohesion? The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. [81] An estimated 200,000 people speak the Russian language in Cuba, on the account that more than 23,000 Cubans who took higher studies in the former Soviet Union and later in Russia, and another important group of people who studied at military schools and technologists, plus the nearly 2,000 Russians residing in Cuba and their descendants. From the point of view of spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn,[34] the other three languages in the East Slavic branch. [173] In December, a referendum was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers. [84][86] Some of these features such as akanye and yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited //, a semivowel /wu/ and palatalized final /t/ in 3rd person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian), indicating a linguistic continuum. km of land area)", "Fertility rate, total (births per woman) Russian Federation", "Russia's Putin seeks to stimulate birth rate", "Migrants Welcome: Is Russia Trying To Solve Its Demographic Crisis By Attracting Foreigners? [94], The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. [638] The Russian national basketball team won the EuroBasket 2007,[639] and the Russian basketball club PBC CSKA Moscow is among the most successful European basketball teams. WebOn This Day. [57][58][needs update], In Lithuania, Russian has no official or any legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. [27] It is the most spoken Slavic language,[28] and the most spoken native language in Europe,[29] as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia. [167] The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social servicesthe birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed,[168][169] and millions plunged into poverty;[170] while extreme corruption,[171] as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. The large service sector accounts for 62% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (32%), while the agricultural sector is the smallest, making up only 5% of total GDP. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. [44], The inhabitants of Rus' regional centres would later evolve into modern nationalities: Belarusians in the northwest, Russians in the north and northeast, and Ukrainians in the southeast and southwest. ? Constitution of the Republic of Belarus", "Article 7. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other The Key Players In Russia's Dramatic October 1993 Showdown", "CHECHEN WAR REVEALS WEAKNESSES IN YELTSIN, RUSSIA'S NEW DEMOCRACY", Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes, "26 years on, Russia set to repay all Soviet Union's foreign debt", "Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms", "A Case Study of a Currency Crisis: The Russian Default of 1998", "YELTSIN RESIGNS: THE OVERVIEW; Yeltsin Resigns, Naming Putin as Acting President To Run in March Election", "ELECTION IN RUSSIA: THE OVERVIEW; Putin Wins Russia Vote in First Round, But His Majority Is Less Than Expected", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, "As Expected, Putin Easily Wins a Second Term in Russia", "5 charts show Russia's economic highs and lows under Putin", "Putin ever present as Medvedev becomes president", "Post-Mortem on Europe's First War of the 21st Century", "Russia's Frozen Conflicts and the Donbas", "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine", "US orders 7,000 more troops to Europe following Russia's invasion of Ukraine", "UN votes to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calls for withdrawal", "The unprecedented American sanctions on Russia, explained", "The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe", "UN General Assembly votes to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council", "Defiant Putin proclaims Ukrainian annexation as military setback looms", "European Parliament declares Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism", "Statement by President von der Leyen on Russian accountability and the use of Russian frozen assets", "Ukraine: Commission presents options to make sure that Russia pays for its crimes", "EU Explores New Steps to Probe Russian Crimes, Use Frozen Assets", "Russia-Ukraine War: Top E.U. [226] The coldest month is January (February on the coastline); the warmest is usually July. [566] From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. [citation needed], The political upheavals of the early 20th century and the wholesale changes of political ideology gave written Russian its modern appearance after the spelling reform of 1918. [51] 50% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two federal subjects of Russia where the majority of the population is Muslim, namely, Russia has an additional 850km (530mi) of coastline along the, Russia, by land area, is larger than the continents of, Russia borders, clockwise, to its southwest: the, Learn how and when to remove this template message, most significant Russian technological achievements, permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, annexed most of its territories into Russia, unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues, industrialisation of the largely rural country, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million, Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, traditional boundary between Europe and Asia, strengthened bilaterally and economically, strategic, energy, and defense relationship, opposition political parties and protests, persecution of non-governmental organisations, Economic history of the Russian Federation, Natural Resources and Environment Ministry, inequality of household income and wealth, revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts, modern heterostructure physics and electronics, List of cities and towns in Russia by population, believers without affiliation to any specific religion, Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, "Crimea: Six years after illegal annexation", "The Kurile Islands: Why Russia And Japan Never Made Peace After World War II", All-Russia Population Census 2010 ( 2010), " : ", "World Statistics Pocketbook 2016 edition", "The Russian federation: general characteristics", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022", "GINI index (World Bank estimate) Russian Federation", "1. [566], The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. [196] Due to the impact, the Russian government has stopped publishing a raft of economic data since April 2022. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri)", "Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh", "Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR", "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. [202][203][204][205][206][207] The Council of Europe also called for an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russian crimes. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. [160] On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation. [87] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level.[88][89]. [518], There are many popular non-public holidays. [501] Bandy is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport. [355] Among Russia's 1,218 airports,[356] the busiest is Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. Wikisource has original works on the topic: .
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