cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?

Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. 1 being water and season. 1). The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Seasonal surface-water dynamics thus, influences the probability which predators can find prey and is likely to have several consequences for the ecology of predator-prey interactions. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). Lake Chad Basin Aquifer - Cretaceous to Quaternary. Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resources page for more details). Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which usually has low permeability. Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal In the 19th century, soldiers of the Fulani Empire founded the Adamawa Amirate in the north of present-day Cameroon, while various other chiefdoms held power across other parts of the country. This is the equivalent of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue basin in Nigeria (Mafany and Fantong 2006). View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. Was established in 1996 and it is managed by the pvt. Cameroon: Water source sustains community, 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Values>0 indicate preference, values<0 suggest use but avoidance. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. . 2017) and organic pollution (Sanou et al. I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . and common mice (Mus spp.). Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. Lake Chad The Lake Chad basin contains three main geological units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). German Development Institute. Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. (A) Mean distance to a waterhole for kills for the different prey species. 23 Views. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities," explains Njounan. Has its source in the water quality in Cameroon, the Lion Fund! The Black Umfolozi River is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat around the water. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. Some of the most mineralised groundwater is in volcanic aquifers, but the most mineralised are springs in the Mamf basin that are related to evaporites. Kill sites were classified based on the forensic evidence of a kill. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. Tsavo National Park - Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Water is artificially supplied to some waterholes during the dry season (40 in the study area). Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. Wrote the paper: ZD MV AJL DWM. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. Etosha We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. Indeed, it has become apparent in Southern Africa that male lions hunt successfully and quite often in the absence of female lions [25], [26]. Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. United Nations. Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. Water Resources Management 24(5), 871888. First, seasonal importance of each species was assessed by (i) investigating, for lion males and females separately, the frequency of occurrence of prey species at kills, and (ii) comparing seasonal results from faecal data with no sex differentiation. Overlap is water shared by both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. Dots represent data outside this range. Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). Since the 1980s, the government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors and development partners. We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. For more information on the map see the, Land Cover Map of Cameroon, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. AMCOW. Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. Hence, lions appear to respond to the high abundance of megaherbivores in this ecosystem. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. In communities where neither springs nor stand taps are unavailable, the population drink from open streams that also serve for laundry and bathing. As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. Copyright: 2013 Davidson et al. Sanou, S M, Temgoua, E, Guetiya, W R, Arienzo, A, Losito, F, Fokam, J, Onohiol, J F, Djeunang, B, Zambou, N F, Russo, G, Antonini, G, Pan, A and Colizzi, V. 2015. It is located in banakata. A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. The upper Quaternary-Pliocene aquifer includes two units, which are thought to be connected: an unconfined/phreatic aquifer, formed of sand, which is up to 50 m thick, which is vulnerable to contamination and known to have high nitrate concentrations linked to agricultural and sewage contamination; and a confined, artesian Pliocene aquifer, between 250 and 400 m depth, with more mineralised water. Much of Cameroons energy comes from hydroelectric power from rivers in the south of the country, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Current address: Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, United Kingdom, Affiliations: However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. "An average of 300 people depend on the water source," says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. The Logone flows northward into the Lake Chad basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries. Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. 2006. Namib Desert Composed mainly of Cretaceous marine sandstones and limestones, which are 1000 to 2000 m thick. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. In: Groundwater quality in Africa, ed. 1). From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. Etosha Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). All necessary permits were obtained for the described field study from the appropriate agency (Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 23(1) (c) (ii) 01/20052007). A pint-sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic. No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. They can survive days or even weeks without drinking water. Leave a comment For males, buffalo was followed by the class medium Bovidae (11%) - class dominated by sable and wildebeest for kill data -, elephant (9%) and zebra (8%), together accounting for 84% of the prey detected (Table 1). Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. View our Cookie Policy. Molua EL and Lambi CM. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the giraffe killed by lions (Fig. Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. In spite of the presence of a stand tap at the centre of the village, many villagers still rely on the water source. Southern Africa Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. Felix Murindagomo, This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. Groundwater in the deeper confined Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is dominated by Na-HCO. Further north, flows are continuous all year round, with only one peak flood (i.e., Sanaga and Wouri). Nonetheless, kill investigations revealed that elephant is an important prey species, contributing 23% and 20% of biomass to male and female lion diet respectively. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? We assessed seasonal prey preference using Jacobs selection index [35]: Where r is the proportion of the total number of kills or faecal samples of a particular species and p is the proportional availability of the prey species killed. For more information see the climate resource page. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition for male lions (2early dry-late dry=4.13, df=7, p=0.76; 2early dry-wet=8.63, df=7, p=0.28; 2late dry-wet=7.85, df=7, p=0.35). Chambers One, 27 Willie van There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. Performed the experiments: ZD JEH FVK. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. The combined thickness of laterite and weathered basement is usually between 8 and 20 m (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: The deeper Cretaceous sandstones also form an important aquifer, hydraulically separated from the overlying Plio-Quaternary by mudstones. Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. The importance of buffalo was more pronounced for male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [39]. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. 3B and C). 1). The main water source for the Tsavo West national park is Lake Jipe, which sradles the border with Tanzania, according to Kipongoso, its level had dropped 10 meters (33 feet) in a decade. In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. We're sorry. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. Given the propensity of kill investigations to be biased towards large prey, this is likely an underestimation and it should be considered that juvenile zebra are highly selected for by lions. Annual rainfall was 330 mm in 20042005, 683 mm in 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. What are specific water sources the Lions exploit? 2013. Laboratoire de Biomtrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Universit Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Bt Gregor Mendel, Villeurbanne, France, Affiliation: Botswana is a water stress country which has fresh water resources between 1000-1700m 3 per person per year [1] [2] [3]. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. Karoo An improved water source over this period for resources leads to infanticide- the practice of killing others! Fish River Canyon Citation: Davidson Z, Valeix M, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al. Mzima springs. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. 2018. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. They rely on some of the Kalahari's plants that have also adapted to the dry conditions and either store water or have mechanisms to prevent excess water loss. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabweabout school : Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021. Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Mambele residents have been drinking from this never-drying source for as long as the local residents can remember. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. Mambele, situated some 800 km from the nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants. Surface water. 2015) of groundwater. There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. 2009. Boreholes are between 60 and 200 m deep (UN 1988). Hence male and female data were analysed separately. 2017. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. "Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years.
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