synergist and antagonist muscles

synergist: supraspinatus and pectoralis major (for flexion) antagonist: latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major (for adduction) subscapularis synergist: teres major, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi antagonist: deltoid, teres minor, infraspinatus pectoralis minor synergist: pectoralis major and serratus anterior external intercostals Like Figure 10.15c in Marieb-11e. Again, we will consider the elbow joint. The skeleton and muscles act together to move the body. Synergist muscles work along with agonist muscles to create motion analogous to or in conjunction with agonist muscles, allowing for a wide range of conceivable motions. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart, Chapter 20. After proper stretching and warm-up, the synovial fluid may become less viscous, allowing for better joint function. 2. For example, the teres major muscle, on the medial side of the arm causes shoulder abduction. The opposing muscle, which works to extend that muscle, is called the. There are up to four functional groups of muscles acting on joints. Test the action of the pronator teres for yourself. Antagonists also produce eccentric actions in order to stabilize a limp or decelerate a movement at the end of a motion. Another agonist and antagonist muscle group is the front of your . When you first get up and start moving, your joints feel stiff for a number of reasons. 3. The pions then decay into muons: $\pi^{-} \rightarrow \mu^{-}+\bar{v}_{\mu} ; \pi^{+} \rightarrow \mu^{+}+v_{\mu}$. What is the transmitted intensity (\%)? The handle acts as a lever and the head of the hammer acts as a fulcrum, the fixed point that the force is applied to when you pull back or push down on the handle. Fascicle arrangement by perimysia is correlated to the force generated by a muscle; it also affects the range of motion of the muscle. 327-29. When the component is stabilizing it is also known as ashuntcomponent and shunt muscles are muscles that tend pull the bones of a joint together. The first part of orbicularis, orb (orb = circular), is a reference to a round or circular structure; it may also make one think of orbit, such as the moons path around the earth. Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System, Chapter 12. This occurs throughreciprocal inhibition, which is necessary for the designated joint movement to occur unimpeded. In this case, it is the Triceps Brachii (the back of the arm) and the Anterior Deltoid . This does NOT mean that this direction is the only one the muscle can produce force in but only that it is capable of this and thus is directly involved in producing a certain movement, making it aprime mover. Perhaps the biggest misunderstanding about how skeletal muscles function to produce the bodys movements concerns their particular role. Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2008. Rybski, Melinda. Following contraction, the antagonist muscle paired to the agonist muscle returns the limb to the previous position. antagonist: spino-trapezius, pectoralis minor rhomboideus (adducts/elevates scapula) synergist: acromiotrapezius, levator scapulae antagonist: spino-trapezius, pectoralis minor pectoralis major (flexes and adducts humerous) : synergist: latissimus dorsi antagonist: acromio-deltoid, supraspinatus, spinodeltoid clavo-deltoid (flexes humerous): For example, to extend the leg at the knee, a group of four muscles called the quadriceps femoris in the anterior compartment of the thigh are activated (and would be called the agonists of leg extension at the knee). During forearm flexion, for examplelifting a cup, a muscle called the biceps brachii is the prime mover. The relationship between the agonist and antagonist muscles is called "reciprocal inhibition." As the agonist contracts to move a joint, the antagonist is automatically relaxed by a reflex arc in the spinal cord. Upon activation, the muscle pulls the insertion toward the origin. A movement can always have more than one agonist although a certain agonist may be capable of producing more torque than its partner. Muscular Control of Movement and Movement Assessment. Dynatomy: Dynamic Human Anatomy. As the agonist muscle contracts, the antagonist relaxes, helping to manage and regulate the movement of the former. They often act to reduce excessive force generated by the agonist muscle and are referred to as neutralizers. The movement of the scapula must be prevented. Muscles are arranged in groupings of agonist, antagonist, and synergists that produce and modulate movement. In an antagonistic muscle pair, as one muscle contracts, . synergist. The skeletal muscles of the body typically come in seven different general shapes. In this casethe hamstrings would be called the agonists and the quadriceps femoris would be called the antagonists. These terms arereversed for the opposite action, flexion of the leg at the knee. The transarticular component is a parallel or horizontal component. When these muscles contract they tend to move both bones to which they are attached. This is accomplished by fixators. A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. 292-93. A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called anantagonist. For example, in the case of the knee, muscles of the posterior thigh cause knee flexion and anterior thigh muscles cause knee extension, which is opposite of the rules stated below for most other joints. The angular component is actually the perpendicular or vertical component of the muscles force. The most common example of antagonistic muscles are the biceps and the triceps. During flexing of the forearm, the brachioradialis and brachialis act as synergist muscles, aiding the biceps brachii in pulling the forearm up towards the shoulder. The hamstrings flex the leg, whereas the quadriceps femoris extend it. Aset ofantagonists called the hamstrings in the posterior compartment of the thigh are activated to slow or stop the movement. A muscle that is complementary to an agonist and antagonistic is known as a synergist. A muscle that crosses the lateral side of a joint results in abduction, which results in the body part moving away from the midline of the body. Why is the Deadlift a Slow Pull and the Olympic Lifts Fast Pulls? Print. Meanwhile, a muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_696_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_696_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 15], }); A shunt muscle could be considered a stabilizer muscle as it help to stabilize a joint during movement. 79-80. This view sees the body as a system ofmotor(or mobilizer) andstabilizermuscles. Neutralizers prevent this. A synergist can also be a fixator that stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover's origin. Antagonist. The moveable end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the musclesinsertion, and the end of the muscle attached to a fixed (stabilized) bone is called theorigin. For example, when the deltoid muscle contracts, the arm abducts (moves away from midline in the sagittal plane), but when only the anterior fascicle is stimulated, the arm willabductand flex (move anteriorly at the shoulder joint). The type of stabilizer we will discuss here, however, are fixators, which are active during one movement and at one joint. To allow motion, different bones are connected by joints which are . Kulkarni, G. S. Muscle: Structure and Function. Textbook of Orthopedics and Trauma. This is usually a muscle that is located on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist. Dont worry about the unwieldiness of this since, for the most part, we can simply avoid the word altogether as it adds little to any discussion of muscle actions. However, to flex the knee joint, an opposite or antagonistic set of muscles called the hamstrings is activated. 4: Factors Influencing Strength. Kinesiology for Occupational Therapy. muscle synergists and antagonists 3.7 (3 reviews) Term 1 / 50 Frontalis Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 50 Synergist: n/a Antagonist: Occipitalis Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by dayitasharma Terms in this set (50) Frontalis Synergist: n/a Antagonist: Occipitalis Orbicularis oris Synergist: n/a Do you think Federigo acts nobly or foolishly? Wavelengths for which the index of refraction is $n$ are refracted at angle $\theta_2$. 16 Pictures about (PDF) On the Methodological Implications of Extracting Muscle Synergies : define muscle antagonist in anatomy, What are the Synergist Muscle, agonist, antagonist, fixator muscles and also Synergistic Definition Anatomy - Anatomy Drawing Diagram. There are certain muscles that act primarily as stabilizes because of theirangle of pull. The trapezius muscle can act as a fixator . Which muscle performs the antagonist movement when you straighten your arm? These helper muscles are commonly referred to as synergists. Triceps brachii is the antagonist and brachialis is a synergist with biceps brachii. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004. The brachoradialis, in the forearm, and brachialis, located deep to the biceps in the upper arm, are both synergists that aid in this motion. Muscular Control of Movement and Movement Assessment. Dynatomy: Dynamic Human Anatomy. Specifically, the trapezius and rhomboids work isometrically to keep the scapula from moving on the torso. Imagine a dumbbell curl with the elbow flexed to greater than 90 degrees. The extensor digitorum of the forearm is an example of a unipennate muscle. Print. 10Kulkarni, G. S. Muscle: Structure and Function. Textbook of Orthopedics and Trauma. Biceps Brachii Muscle Contraction. When you supinated your forearm, it relaxed to allow this action to take place. For example, the agonist, or prime mover, for hip flexion would be the iliopsoas. Synergists. (credit: Victoria Garcia). For example, iliacus, psoas major, and rectus femoris all can act to flex the hip joint. During flexing of the forearm, the triceps brachii is the antagonist muscle, resisting the movement of the forearm up towards the shoulder. The antagonistic muscles are the muscles that oppose the primer mover by slowing it down. Biceps brachii: in the anterior compartment of the arm, Triceps brachii: in the posterior compartment of the arm. Synovial fluid is a thin, but viscous film with the consistency of egg whites. A fixator muscle serves to stabilise the joint or part of the body that is moving. The Muscular System.Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise. Antagonists play two important roles in muscle function: They maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect antagonist agonist antagonistic antagonisten agonisten. We describe the main muscle that does an action as the agonist. The triceps brachii (not shown) acts as the antagonist. Although not the target muscle of the exercise, these muscles . To move the skeleton, the tension created by the contraction of the fibers in most skeletal muscles is transferred to the tendons. Synergist: Pectoralis . Muscles and Movement | Antagonist Pairs of Muscles Siebert Science 129K views 1 year ago What exercises use agonist antagonist paired muscles? Musculoskeletal Requirements for Normal Movements. Rehabilitation of Movement: Theoretical Basis of Clinical Practice. What is the synergist muscle for pectoralis major? In fact, it has no real bony attachments of its own. Each muscle fiber (cell) is covered by endomysium and the entire muscle is covered by epimysium. If you consider the first action as the knee bending, the hamstrings would be called the agonists and the quadriceps femoris would then be called the antagonists. You will feel the pronator teres relax and lengthen. Underline the complement in each of the following sentences. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers, 2008. For heavy loads, increased joint stiffness is desirably for lifting heavier loads and co-contraction of the core muscles of the torso routinely occurs during these activities. 5Pitt-Brooke, Judith, and Heather Reid. The Cardiovascular System: Blood, Chapter 19. Synergists [ edit] The biceps flexes the lower arm. Check out our articles: What Is Anatomical Position? It is not always completely decided how terms should be used and, to be frank, many of the most popular usages are incorrect ones. Wed do well to abandon it. To generate a movement, agonist muscles must physically be arranged so that they cross a joint by way of the tendon. While we need the main muscle, or agonist, that does an action, our body has a good support system for each action by using muscle synergists. Although the word is not useful, it is largely used so we cannot simply ignore it even though we could easily side-step it by simply describing the different roles a muscle may take in helping to produce a movement. A synergist that makes the insertion site more stable is called a fixator. Without a proper warm-up, it is possible that you may either damage some of the muscle fibers or pull a tendon. All of these muscles together could be referred to as synergists for flexion of the hip joint. Consider, for example, the names of the two orbicularis muscles (orbicularis oris and oribicularis oculi), where part of the first name of both muscles is the same. The majority of fixator muscles are found working around the hip and shoulder joints Slide 21 1. Abipennatemuscle has fascicles on both sides of the tendon. However, the term stabilizer, for our purposes, means the same thing as fixator. Antagonist: resists the muscle on opposite side, thereby controls the speed of the agonist muscle contraction. The results suggest that the time limit was mainly constrained by fatigue-related mechanisms of the FD and FC but not by those of other synergist and antagonist muscles. As stated above, agonist muscles are muscles that are responsible for causing a certain joint motion. A muscle that crosses the anterior side of a joint results in flexion, which results in a decrease in joint angle with movement. New York: Springer, 2007. The majority of muscles are grouped in pairs, with an antagonist to each agonist muscle. antagonist muscle that opposes the action of an agonist extension an increase in joint angle with movement fixator synergist that assists an agonist by preventing or reducing movement at another joint, thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist flexion a decrease in joint angle with movement insertion A muscle that crosses the medial side of a joint results in adduction, which results in the upper or lower extremity moving toward the midline of the body. Skeletal muscles each have an origin and an insertion. Edinburgh: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005. sitting back/knees out) for a squat will be your glutes and quadriceps. The Muscular System.. 96-97. In this sense, the bone acts as a lever with the attached muscle fibers contraction, driving movement. During forearmflexionbending the elbowthe brachioradialis assists the brachialis. So, we will deal with it by accepting it but insisting upon using it properly. This is not how it works. The large mass at the center of a muscle is called the belly. So the antagonists both relax to allow the motion to happen and then contract to put the brakes on it. It allows the agonist muscle to work effectively by stabilizing the origin. What follows are the most common fascicle arrangements. (II) Two polarizers are oriented at $36.0^{\circ}$ to one another. 121. Balance between a muscle agonist, its synergists, and its antagonist(s) is important for healthy movement and avoiding pain . St. Chp. In summary: Agonist = Prime mover Antagonist = opposing muscle to prime mover Use evidence to support your answer. The tendons are strong bands of dense, regular connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. But instead of acting to prevent the unwanted movement of a body part they act to pull against and cancel out an unwanted line of pull from the agonist or prime mover. The Lymphatic and Immune System, Chapter 26. A muscle functioning in cooperation with another muscle, A muscle whose action opposes the action of another muscle, S: Supraspinatus (abduct arm), infraspinatus (extend arm), S: Latissimus Dorsi (medially rotate arm), S: Adductor longus (laterally rotate femur), S: Gluteus Maximus (laterally rotate hip), S: Semimembranosus (flex knee, extend hip), S: Bicpes femoris (laterally rotates hip, flexes knee), S: Extensor Digitorium Longus (dorsiflex), S: Fibularis brevis (eversion, abduction of foot), S: Fibularis longus (eversion, abduction of foot), David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. By this definition stabilizers, neutralizers, and fixators are also agonists. Identify the underlined clause in the following sentence by writing above it / for *independent clause*, *ADJ* for *adjective clause*, *ADV* for *adverb clause*, or *N* for *noun clause*. A synergist muscle is one that stabilizes a joint around which movement is occurring and helps to create movement. They are thus antagonists for flexion/extension and rotation and synergists for abduction. When a group of muscle fibers is bundled as a unit within the whole muscle by an additional covering of a connective tissue called perimysium, that bundled group of muscle fibers is called afascicle. Usually, the muscles that are directly involved in producing a certain joint movement are called agonists and muscles that are indirectly involved, by some other role, are called synergists. The brachioradialis and brachialis are synergist muscles, and the rotator cuff (not shown) fixes the shoulder joint allowing the biceps brachii to exert greater force. Applied Biomechanics: Concepts and Connections, Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise by Peter McGinnis, Sticking Points in Strength Training Exercises vs Weak Links, The Kinetic Chain in Biomechanics: Open vs. Closed. Skeletal muscle is enclosed in connective tissue scaffolding at three levels. Recall the discussion about muscles crossing joints to create movement. In this case, it is the Trapezius and Rhomboids (the upper back). McLester, John, and Pierre Peter. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. For example, the deltoid muscle on the lateral side of the upper arm causes abduction of the shoulder. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_696_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_696_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 15], });,12Rybski, Melinda. The brachioradialis is an example of a shunt muscle, which is able to provide a compressive force. Chp. For instance, consider elbow flexion by the biceps brachii. When a parallel muscle has a central, large belly that is spindle-shaped, meaning it tapers as it extends to its origin and insertion, it sometimes is calledfusiform. Thus, when the agonist or the primer or agonist muscle contracts, the antagonistic muscle relaxes to complete the movement. So, the hip extensor muscles must relax to some degree to allow this forward motion of the thigh to take place. 97-99. antagonist: internal intercostals synergist: diaphragm Internal intercostals action: internal-expiration (forced) by compressing ribs towards each other antagonist: external intercostals synergist: rectus abdominis Rectus abdominis action: flexes the vertebral column antagonist: erector spinae synergist: external oblique External obliques To pull on a bone, that is, to change the angle at its synovial joint, which essentially moves the skeleton, a skeletal muscle must also be attached to a fixed part of the skeleton. It can be advantageous for coactivation to occur for several reasons. synergist: sternocleidomastoid, rhomboids, synergists: middle deltoid and infraspinatus, synergist: teres minor, subscapularis, supraspinatus, deltoids, synergist: deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, synergist: rhomboids, pectoralis major, teres major, synergist: supraspinatus and pectoralis major (for flexion), synergist: teres major, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, synergist: pectoralis major and serratus anterior, synergist: latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, teres major, biceps brachii, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, antagonist: biceps brachii and brachialis, synergist: external and internal obliques, synergist: rectus abdominis, internal oblique, synergist: external oblique, rectur abdominis, synergist: gluteal minimus and tensor fasciae latae, synergist: gluteus medius and tensor fasciae latae, synergist: gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, gluteus maximus, synergist: hamstring muscles and gracilis, synergist: hamstring muscles, gracilis, gastrocnemius, sartorius, synergist: hamstring muscles, gracilis, gastrocnemius, and sartorius, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Muscle length reduces. Synergy means that two or more things work together to produce a result that is greater than any of those things could do alone so that the whole result is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the agents involved. How muscles produce movement in antagonistic pairs and the role of fixators and synergists. To allow antagonistic pairs to work efficiently, other muscles called fixators assist by supporting and stabilising the joint and the rest of the body. February 18, 2019 By strengthminded_erict. Antagonist muscle is the opposite muscle or muscle group of agonist. These are roles that are commonly referred to as synergist muscles, as explained above, but that we are calling theagonists synergists. 1. Although a number of muscles may be involved in an action, the principal muscle involved is called the prime mover, or agonist. There are three subtypes of pennate muscles. Table of Contents:00:20 - Synergists & Antagonists01:12 - Synergists02:37 - Antagonists04:16 - Synergists & Antagonists05:14 - Remember We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Musculoskeletal Requirements for Normal Movements. Rehabilitation of Movement: Theoretical Basis of Clinical Practice. 327-29. Although it does not work alone, iliopsoas does more of the work in hip flexion than the other muscles that assist in that action. For example, when the triceps oppose the contraction of the flexing . The inhibition of the alpha-motoneurons in the antagonist are brought about byIa-inhibitory interneuronsof the spinal cord, which are excited by IA afferents in the agonist muscle. What is antagonistic muscles give examples? The fixator muscles assist the movement of the other three groups by holding the . For example, the biceps brachii can do more than flex the elbow. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2006. Synergist Assists the agonist in performing its action Stabilizes and neutralizes joint rotation (prevents joint from rotating as movement is performed) Becomes active as external force increases or when the agonist fatigues During a biceps curl, the synergists are the biceps brachii and brachioradialis, as the brachialis acts as the agonist. Quadriceps The quadriceps are a group of four muscles sitting on the front of your thigh. There is more than one way to categorize the functional role of muscles. The second definition is better as it uses the word agonist correctly but it still uses the confusing word synergist, which we have to deal with. Exercise and stretching may also have a beneficial effect on synovial joints. The gluteus medius and minimus lie between the TFL and the gluteus maximus and are comparable to the central portion of the deltoid. Brodal, Per. We normally call this therotarycomponent. McGinnis, Peter Merton. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Most people think that a muscle performs ONE particular and very defined role and that they always perform this role. Flexing of the forearm by the biceps brachii: The biceps brachii is the agonist, or primer mover, responsible for flexing the forearm. 11: Biomechanics of Muscle Location, Origin and Insertion. Applied Biomechanics: Concepts and Connections. It acts along the shaft of the bone and may produce a force that pulls the bone away from the joint or toward it, depending on the angle of the joint. To keep it simple, then, an agonist is a muscle that causes rotational movement at a joint by producing torque. Both muscles can abduct the hip. : W. B. Saunders, 2004. Although its complexities go way beyond the scope of this explanation (and the expertize of its author), this way of looking at the body is a valid and important one for the strength trainee. The muscle primarily responsible for a movement is called the prime mover, and muscles that assist in this action are called synergists. In this example, biceps brachii is the agonist or prime mover. (a) Given the lifetime of the muon $\left(2.2 \times 10^{-6}\right.$ sec), how far would it go before disintegrating, according to prerelativistic physics? These pairs exist in places in the body in which the body cannot return the limb back to its original position through simple lack of contraction. A long, cylindrical heating element of 20-mm diameter operating at 700 K in vacuum is located 40 mm from an insulated wall of low thermal conductivity. This is the angle at which the muscle force acts relative to an axis or lever. This would, of course, make everyday movements quite impossible. It is never proper to call any one muscle an agonist unless we are describing its role in a movement or we are referring to it in terms of a muscle on another side of the joint, known as an antagonist. This concept was first proposed by Rood and furthered by the work of Janda and Sahrmann as well as by Comerford and Mottram who proposed the concept of local and global stabilizers and global mobilizers. Print. This is incorrect. Some muscles involved in a joint action do not directly contribute a torque force to the movement but assist the movement in indirect ways. The antagonist opposes that. An antagonist muscle is in opposition to a prime mover in that it provides some resistance and/or reverses a given movement. Thorofare, NJ: Slack, 2004. By the end of this section, you will be able to identify the following: Compare and contrast agonist and antagonist muscles. The attachment point for a convergent muscle could be a tendon, an aponeurosis (a flat, broad tendon), or a raphe (a very slender tendon). Take the quiz below to check your understanding of the Interactions of Skeletal Muscles: http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@7.1@7.1. Antagonists: These muscles act in opposition to the movement generated by the agonists and are responsible for returning a limb to its initial position. b. The synergist muscle group for a press-up are those that assist the movement. The bone connection is why this muscle tissue is called skeletal muscle. Prime Movers and Synergists. Muscles are classified according to their actions during contractions as agonists, antagonists, or synergists. Your agonist (s) (when done properly i.e. But since the insertion is so distant, at the wrist, the angle of elbow flexion does not affect the direction of the parallel component and it remains a shunt component, making the brachiradialis a shunt muscle, always able to exert a stabilizing force. When they relax, the sphincters concentrically arranged bundles of muscle fibers increase the size of the opening, and when they contract, the size of the opening shrinks to the point of closure. Meanwhile, a muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. Figure1. In aunipennatemuscle, the fascicles are located on one side of the tendon. Its the radius bone we want to move when we curl a dumbbell. The biceps brachii flex the lower arm. Reciprocal inhibition is a neural inhibition of the motor units of the antagonist muscle. Synergist muscles also called fixators, act around a joint to help the action of an agonist muscle. Synergist. (b) Now answer the same question using relativistic physics. A certain muscle may exert a stronger spurt or shunt force. To keep things in balance in the body we also nearly always have a muscle that is assisting, resisting, or opposing any action. (c) Pions are also produced in the upper atmosphere. To perform a high kick, you must lift up your leg at the hip, also. The word oculi (ocular = eye) refers to the eye. Chp. Medial epicondyle of humerus The proximal superficial palmar fascia The middle part of the greater tubercle of the humerus Modiolus at angle of the mouth An antagonist muscle for exion of the elbow is the _____ muscle. In order for an agonist to shorten as it contracts the antagonist must relax and passively lengthen. Light polarized at an $18.0^{\circ}$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. Muscles that seem to be plump have a large mass of tissue located in the middle of the muscle, between the insertion and the origin, which is known as the central body.
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