Energy may be produced at the point of consumption, or by a generator for consumption by others. {\displaystyle 23.47\ \mathrm {g} {\text{ (Diesel)}}/\mathrm {MJ} \cdot {\frac {12}{14}}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=74\ \mathrm {g} {\text{ (carbon dioxide)}}/\mathrm {MJ} }. Greenhouse gases are a major cause of climate change, and methane is a potent greenhouse gas. The most recent drop in emissions growth - by almost 3 percentage points - was at about the time of the 1970s energy crisis. ", "List of the populations of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories", "Chapter 2: Emissions trends and drivers", "Data Review: How many people die from air pollution? The primary greenhouse gases generated by humans are carbon dioxide (CO), methane (CH), nitrous oxide (NO), and the "fluorinated gases" such as hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride. / The graphic shows the logarithm of 18502019 fossil fuel CO2 emissions;[64] natural log on left, actual value of Gigatons per year on right. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases (GHGs). [206][207] 79% were CO2, 14% methane and 5% nitrous oxide. Economic and energy modelling (such as the World3 or the POLES models) can be used to analyze and quantify the effects of such drivers. 2. [17], Emissions may be tracked over long time periods, known as historical or cumulative emissions measurements. agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers, that lead to higher, Liquid fuels (e.g., gasoline, fuel oil): 36%, Flaring gas industrially and at wells: 1%, Non-energy use of fuels, carbon losses in coke ovens, and, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 14:56. Manuel Pugal-Vidal, leader of the climate and energy practice at WWF, a partner of the report said, "Governments must introduce national targets to reach net-zero emissions by 2050 with targets to cut emissions 50% by 2030. Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming,[161] and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and ozone (O 3).Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about 18 C (0 . [213] India's annual emissions per person are less than the global average,[214] and the UNEP forecasts that by 2030 they will be between 3 and 4 tonnes. This total represents a 7 percent decrease since 1990 and a 20 percent decrease since 2005 (see Figure 1). Absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation by longwave absorbing gases makes Earth a less efficient emitter. [128] However the sector reduces emissions from other sectors which have a larger global share, such as transport of people,[129] and possibly buildings and industry. Japan is the only G7 country still building new coal-fired power plants. g [92] Farm animal digestive systems can be put into two categories: monogastric and ruminant. [11] These greenhouse gas emissions are contributing to climate change in the United States, as well as worldwide. Cumulative emissions provide some indicators of what is responsible for greenhouse gas atmospheric concentration build-up. [232] In April 2020, NOx emissions fell by up to 30%. 14 Some variables that have been reported include:[17], These measures are sometimes used by countries to assert various policy/ethical positions on climate change. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [J.J. McCarthy, Press release: Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5C, "Erratum: Publisher Correction: Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19", "Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability", "Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19", "Deforestation of the Amazon has soared under cover of the coronavirus", "Deforestation of Amazon rainforest accelerates amid COVID-19 pandemic", "Cop26 climate talks postponed to 2021 amid coronavirus pandemic", "Coronavirus could weaken climate change action and hit clean energy investment, researchers warn", The official greenhouse gas emissions data of developed countries, NOAA CMDL CCGG Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization, Official IPCC Sixth Assessment Report website, History of climate change policy and politics, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions&oldid=1134003354, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Articles with imported freely licensed text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2021, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2020, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2021, Articles needing examples from September 2021, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2019, Commons category link is defined as the pagename, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [163]:1718 Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany. The sharp acceleration in CO2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. Hence, pairing measures that target carbon dioxide with measures targeting non-CO2 pollutants short-lived climate pollutants, which have faster effects on the climate, is essential for climate goals.[69]. [79] Around 4% of emissions arise from the energy consumed by the energy and fuel industry itself. Saudi Arabias economy is highly oil-dependent, and Saudi Aramco, the official Saudi Arabian Oil Company, has contributed the most to global carbon dioxide emissions since the 1960s. [123] The report says that only solutions which involve a reduction in consumption can solve the problem, while others like biodegradable plastic, ocean cleanup, using renewable energy in plastic industry can do little, and in some cases may even worsen it.[124]. GHG emissions are measured in CO2 equivalents determined by their global warming potential (GWP), which depends on their lifetime in the atmosphere. It is estimated that the global warming potential of N2O over 100 years is 265 times greater than CO2. Please click here to see any active alerts. 2020 U.S. GHG Emissions by Sector Transportation - 27% Electricity - 25% Industry - 24% Agriculture - 11% Commercial - 7% Residential - 6% 2020 U.S. Transportation Sector GHG Emissions by Source Light-Duty Vehicles - 57% Medium- and Heavy-Duty Trucks - 26% Aircraft - 8% Other - 5% Rail - 2% Ships and Boats - 2% [125] Greenhouse gas emissions from the pulp and paper industry are generated from the combustion of fossil fuels required for raw material production and transportation, wastewater treatment facilities, purchased power, paper transportation, printed product transportation, disposal and recycling. Most countries developing adaptation plans or Nationally Determined Contributions will commission scenario studies in order to better understand the decisions available to them. These two principles result in different totals when measuring, for example, electricity importation from one country to another, or emissions at an international airport. ", "4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors", "Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions - US EPA", "Historical GHG Emissions / Global Historical Emissions", "Nearly $2tn of damage inflicted on other countries by US emissions", "National attribution of historical climate damages", "Analysis: China's carbon emissions grow at fastest rate for more than a decade", "Preliminary 2020 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimates for China", "China's Emissions Now Exceed All the Developed World's Combined", "CO2 Emissions: China - 2020 - Climate TRACE", "China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceeded the Developed World for the First Time in 2019", "To prevent catastrophic global warming, China must hang tough", "China aims to cut its net carbon-dioxide emissions to zero by 2060", China's New Growth Pathway: From the 14th Five-Year Plan to Carbon Neutrality, "Why China's climate policy matters to us all", India Second Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, "India: Third Biennial Update Report to The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "A comprehensive GHG inventory for India is within reach", "Health co-benefits and mitigation costs as per the Paris Agreement under different technological pathways for energy supply", "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factsheet: India", "India, US to focus on financing green technologies during John Kerry's visit", Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. In 2020, greenhouse gas emissions in the EUwere down by 33 % compared with 1990 levels, representing an absolute reduction of 1 563 million tonnes of CO2-equivalents. IPCC (2014): Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. An official website of the United States government. A study shows annual carbon emissions (or carbon loss) from tropical deforestation have doubled during the last two decades and continue to increase. [236][237] The hindrance of environmental policy efforts, combined with economic slowdown may have contributed to slowed investment in green energy technologies. [198][199] When measuring in consumption-based terms, which adds emissions associated with imported goods and extracts those associated with exported goods, China accounts for 13 gigatonnes (Gt) or 25% of global emissions. At a global level, emissions from land use and forestry have remained relatively consistent over the past two centuries. Germany is responsible for 644 million tons of carbon dioxide emitted in 2019, a 6.3% reduction in greenhouse gases compared to 2018. So 12 g of carbon yield 44 g of Carbon dioxide. (gasoline) [67], GHG emissions in 2019 were estimated at 57.4 GtCO2e, while CO2 emissions alone made up 42.5 Gt including land-use change (LUC). For example, packaging beverages in PET plastic rather than glass or metal is estimated to save 52% in transportation energy, if the glass or metal package is single-use, of course. Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use directly accounts for 18.4% of greenhouse gas emissions. 35% of total emissions. The global emission estimates described on this page are from the Intergovernmental Panel (IPCC) on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report. [230] Producing scenarios requires estimates of future population levels, economic activity, the structure of governance, social values, and patterns of technological change. J The terms "carbon intensity" and "emissions intensity" are also sometimes used. Around 6% of emissions are fugitive emissions, which are waste gases released by the extraction of fossil fuels. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are added to the atmosphere through human activities. [159] Emission intensities may be calculated using market exchange rates (MER) or purchasing power parity (PPP). [36] In comparison, methane has not increased appreciably, and N2O by 0.25% y1. The transportation sector was the largest contributor to emissions in 2020, responsible for 27% of emissions, followed by electricity (25%), and industry (24%). [166][6] Waterborne transportation is still the least carbon-intensive mode of transportation on average, and it is an essential link in sustainable multimodal freight supply chains. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. China has the most total annual emissions (area of rectangle) of any nation, and has higher than average. 12 The overall emissions level in a country can be explained by the size of its population, its GDP, its energy sector, and more. See the 2019 IPCC report for newer data. Davis and Caldeira (2010)[175]:4 found that a substantial proportion of CO2 emissions are traded internationally. [163]:1718[173] This can be calculated by dividing a country's highest contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year, by that country's minimum contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year. Since 1990, Germany has reduced its emissions by 35.7%, primarily by shutting down coal-fired power plants, expanding wind and solar energy, and successfully reforming European emissions trading. Fuel combustion only. CO2 emitted from steel production primarily comes from energy consumption of fossil fuel as well as the use of limestone to purify iron oxides. for heating rooms and private transport. Canada emitted 571 million tons of carbon dioxide in 2019. The US, China and Russia have cumulatively contributed the greatest amounts of CO 2 since 1850. In 2019 a new report "Plastic and Climate" was published. These countries have a long history of CO2 emissions (see the section on Cumulative and historical emissions). Emissions are usually measured according to production, rather than consumption. India is responsible for 6.84 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to recent Financial Times analysis, with 80 percent of its electricity generated by fossil fuels. 1. Methane is released into the atmosphere by both natural sources (35-50%) such as wetlands and by human activities (50-65%). How Is That Possible? There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions. [68], While mitigation measures for decarbonization are essential on the longer-term, they could result in weak near-term warming because sources of carbon emissions often also co-emit air pollution. g For the United States, during the period from 1990 to 2020 (see Figure 1): Developing countries accounted for industrial CO2 emissions of 16.2% over this time period, and 32.2% of total CO2 emissions. [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. The worlds countries produce and release varying amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Germanys goal is to cut emissions by 55% by 2030 and to run on 80% renewable energy sources by 2050. The government has strengthened its 2030 emissions cut target by promising to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40 percent of their 2018 level, up from the earlier goal of 26.3 percent. (Diesel) MT = Metric megatons The rankings above change when we account for the population of each country (ie, per capita emissions), or when we change the timeframe. [117] The EPA estimates[118] as many as five mass units of carbon dioxide are emitted for each mass unit of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producedthe type of plastic most commonly used for beverage bottles,[119] the transportation produce greenhouse gases also. the same vote-weights for the available electoral options. [200] This corresponds to over 10.1 tonnes CO2eq emitted per person each year, slightly over the world average and the EU average but significantly lower than the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases, the United States, with its 17.6 tonnes per person. [216]:2239 The recent rise in global average temperature is mostly caused by emissions from fossil fuels burning (coal, oil, and natural gas). [91] The three main causes of the increase in greenhouse gases observed over the past 250 years have been fossil fuels, land use, and agriculture. [180], In 2019, China, the United States, India, the EU27+UK, Russia, and Japan - the world's largest CO2 emitters - together accounted for 51% of the population, 62.5% of global gross domestic product, 62% of total global fossil fuel consumption and emitted 67% of total global fossil CO2. Cumulative emissions from 1750-2020. Since 1990, Canadas gross domestic product (GDP) has more than tripled and its population has grown by 6 million people, yet overall total greenhouse gas emissions have risen less than 30% and per-capita emissions have declined. [41][42], Climate TRACE (Tracking Real-Time Atmospheric Carbon Emissions)[43] is an independent group which monitors and publishes greenhouse gas emissions within weeks. It emitted primarily through the burning of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil) either in motor vehicles as fuel or in power plants to generate electricity. [142][143] They are less affected by climate change impacts,[144] but have e.g. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Estimates of total CO2 emissions do include biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation. The impact of the sector on climate in the late 20 years had doubled, but the part of the contribution of the sector in comparison to other sectors did not change because other sectors grew as well. All emissions from 2019. [83] In the 2022 IPCC report, it is noted that providing modern energy services universally would only increase greenhouse gas emissions by a few percent at most. Emissions may also be measured across shorter time periods. On the contrary, the EU27+UK (-3.8%), the United States (-2.6%), Japan (-2.1%) and Russia (-0.8%) reduced their fossil CO2 emissions. In 2020, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions decreased 11% compared to 2019 levels. The energy supply sector (electricity, heat, and other energy) is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, responsible for approx. They pose no hindrance to sunlight, which passes straight through and generates heat when it reaches the ground. The largest emitters include coal in China and large oil and gas companies. Emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases have also increased significantly since 1900. Capacity Building for National GHG Inventories. Official websites use .gov [205] India emitted 2.8 Gt of CO2eq in 2016 (2.5 including LULUCF). In 2019, approximately 34% [20 GtCO 2-eq] of total net anthropogenic GHG emissions came from the energy supply sector, 24% [14 GtCO 2-eq] from industry, 22% [13 GtCO 2-eq]from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), 15% [8 . IPCC (2014). [74] Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks. [23], At current emission rates, before 2030 temperatures may have increased by 1.5C (2.7 F) over pre-industrial levels,[24][25] which is the limit for the G7 countries[26] and aspirational limit of the Paris Agreement.[27]. From fossil fuels and cement only. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2020 - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Countries and regions - International Energy Agency, Overview of Greenhouse Gases - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Atlas - CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion - International Energy Agency, Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions - World Bank, Global Energy Review: CO2 Emissions in 2021 - International Energy Agency, Each Country's Share of CO2 Emissions - Union of Concerned Scientists, Electricity generation (coal, natural gas), Industry (manufacture of metals, cement, chemicals), Agriculture (livestock, non-organic farming & processing), Residential and Commercial (heating, cooking). Oil and gas production is Canadas largest emitting sector, accounting for about 45% of emissions, followed by transportation, which accounts for about 28% of emissions. One liter of gasoline, when used as a fuel, produces 2.32 kg (about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters) of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. [example needed] Besides, increasing energy prices for non-renewable energy decrease carbon emission due to a substitution effect. According to the International Energy Agency, global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion reached a new record of 36.3 billion tons (36.3 Gt) in 2021. The largest disproportionality was identified to be in the domain of transport, where e.g. Russia is the fourth-largest contributor of CO emissions, emitting 1,640 megatons of carbon dioxide in 2019. The IPCC has defined Waste and Wastewater as a separate sector, while in the Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions page, waste and wastewater emissions are attributed to the Commercial and Residential sector. [168][169][170], Within the EU, the agricultural sector presently accounts for roughly 10% of total greenhouse gas emissions, with methane from livestock accounting for slightly more than half of 10%.[171]. [132] By the end of 2021, Bitcoin was estimated to produce 65.4 million tonnes of CO2, as much as Greece,[133] and consume between 91 and 177 terawatt-hours annually. Between 1990 and 2018, Irans CO emissions rose by roughly 5% annually. Among other explanatory variables, improvement in the quality of institutions decreases carbon emissions, while the gross domestic product increases it. Strengthening fiscal decentralization, lowering non-renewable energy prices,[clarification needed] and improving institutional quality to check the deteriorating environmental quality in the study sample and other worldwide regions can reduce carbon emissions.[222]. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks (PDF). Quite a big difference. FAO (2014). 12 [40], A 2017 survey of corporations responsible for global emissions found that 100 companies were responsible for 71% of global direct and indirect emissions, and that state-owned companies were responsible for 59% of their emissions. [28] Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity,[29] but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks, mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton. [30] The largest single source is coal-fired power stations, with 20% of GHG as of 2021.[31]. Almost half of the increase in absolute global emissions has been caused by the richest 10% of the population. The four main methods are the emission factor-based method, mass balance method, predictive. Emissions from these five countries and the EU28 show different changes in 2019 compared to 2018: the largest relative increase is found for China (+3.4%), followed by India (+1.6%). J The enhanced target is expected to result in an additional reduction of 100 million tons from Korea's existing plan. [153][154][155] This was, respectively, during that period, 15% of cumulative emissions compared to 7%. [211] Cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore air pollution in India, would have health benefits worth 4 to 5 times the cost, which would be the most cost-effective in the world. See the 2019 IPCC report for newer data. Carbon dioxide is the big hitter, responsible for 80 percent of that increase. [200] Accounting for historic emissions, OECD countries produced four times more CO2 in cumulative emissions than China, due to developed countries' early start in industrialization. Thus emissions arising from energy production may be categorized according to where they are emitted, or where the resulting energy is consumed. For example, the IPCC's Energy Supply sector for global emissions encompasses the burning of fossil fuel for heat and energy across all sectors. A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas that traps heat in the atmosphere. [109], In 2018, manufacturing construction materials and maintaining buildings accounted for 39% of carbon dioxide emissions from energy and process-related emissions. which together account for roughly two-thirds of the country's total greenhouse gas emissions. Russias per capita emissions (10.8 tons in 2020) are among the highest in the world, much higher than that of the U.K. (4.6), France (3.8), or Ukraine (3.7)though still lower than the United States (13.0). Since 2005, however, total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions have decreased by 20 percent. CO makes up approximately 4/5 of all human-generated greenhouse gas emissions. [3] In areas such as the United States and Europe, changes in land use associated with human activities have the net effect of absorbing CO2, partially offsetting the emissions from deforestation in other regions. (2020), Emission Trends and Drivers, Ch 2 in "Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change". 93% of the fluorinated gases released into the atmosphere come from their use in various industrial roles including that of refrigerants, aerosol propellants, solvents, fire retardants, foam blowing agents, gaseous insulators. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. The global print and paper industry accounts for about 1% of global carbon dioxide emissions. The largest source of anthropogenic methane emissions is agriculture, closely followed by gas venting and fugitive emissions from the fossil-fuel industry. Greenhouse gases are measured in 'carbon dioxide-equivalents' (CO 2 e). Retrofitting existing buildings to become more efficient will be necessary to meet the targets of the Paris Agreement; it will be insufficient to only apply low-emission standards to new construction. According to a 2013 study, "in 2004, the steel industry along emits about 590M tons of CO2, which accounts for 5.2% of the global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [212], The Paris Agreement commitments included a reduction of this intensity by 3335% by 2030. [110], The global design and construction industry is responsible for approximately 39 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. 44 Today, we collectively emit around 50 billion tonnes of CO 2 e each year. 1 see also environmental impact of reservoirs#Greenhouse gases. [126] The digital sector produces between 2% and 4% of global GHG emissions,[127] a large part of which is from chipmaking. In 1997, human-caused Indonesian peat fires were estimated to have released between 13% and 40% of the average annual global carbon emissions caused by the burning of fossil fuels. [19]:96 Calculations based on MER show large differences in intensities between developed and developing countries, whereas calculations based on PPP show smaller differences. 12% of total emissions arise from agriculture, 7% from land use change and forestry, 6% from industrial processes, and 3% from waste. With an atmospheric impact 300 times that of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide is a major greenhouse gas. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. / 2019) and the thermal power plants in Iran have a high share of greenhouse gas emissions. Regional and national attribution of emissions, Fiscal decentralisation and carbon reductions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency, and also do not produce as much methane. Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use, Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (in the United States), European Commission Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, FAO (2014). = Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlmer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. 67.5 [102] Accounting for land-use change can be understood as an attempt to measure "net" emissions, i.e., gross emissions from all sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The largest agricultural methane source is livestock. Governments have taken action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. Iran is rich in resources with enormous oil and gas reserves; however, it still has considerable potential to produce renewable energy, such as solar power. The fluorinated gases, including hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride, are almost entirely man-made gases generated by various chemical and industrial processes. ", "Asymmetric relationship of urbanization and CO, "Climate Watch - Historical Emissions Data", "Contributions of individual countries' emissions to climate change and their uncertainty", "Humans Are Disturbing Earth's Carbon Cycle More Than the Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Did", "Rail and waterborne best for low-carbon motorised transport European Environment Agency", "Why The Building Sector?